{ "schemaVersion": "0.3.6", "release": "0.8.12", "title": "Neurovascular Atlas", "description": "An interactive 3D atlas of neurovascular anatomy, with selectable structures, anatomical descriptions and vascular relationships.", "units": "mm", "coordinateSystem": "RAS", "assetRevisions": { "models/craniofacial.glb": "8339b8ca742b11268077", "models/complete-circulation.glb": "5911ecc90928b8f61ef8", "models/complete-anastomoses.glb": "72205cfd05318f6af9b8" }, "structures": [ { "id": "bone", "name": "Bone", "parent": null, "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "reference-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden2006" ] }, "children": [ "bone.skull", "bone.hyoid", "bone.mandible" ] }, { "id": "bone.skull", "name": "Skull", "parent": "bone", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "reference-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden2006" ] }, "children": [ "bone.frontal", "bone.occipital", "bone.sphenoid", "bone.ethmoid", "bone.vomer", "bone.parietal.right", "bone.parietal.left", "bone.temporal.right", "bone.temporal.left", "bone.zygomatic.right", "bone.zygomatic.left", "bone.palatine.right", "bone.palatine.left", "bone.nasal.right", "bone.nasal.left", "bone.lacrimal.right", "bone.lacrimal.left", "bone.inferior_nasal_concha.right", "bone.inferior_nasal_concha.left", "bone.maxilla.right", "bone.maxilla.left", "bone.maxillary-alveolar-process-left", "bone.maxillary-alveolar-process-right", "bone.mandibular-condyle-left", "bone.mandibular-condyle-right", "bone.mandibular-alveolar-process", "bone.tooth-48", "bone.tooth-47", "bone.tooth-46", "bone.tooth-45", "bone.tooth-44", "bone.tooth-43", "bone.tooth-42", "bone.tooth-41", "bone.tooth-38", "bone.tooth-37", "bone.tooth-36", "bone.tooth-35", "bone.tooth-34", "bone.tooth-33", "bone.tooth-32", "bone.tooth-31", "bone.tooth-28", "bone.tooth-27", "bone.tooth-26", "bone.tooth-25", "bone.tooth-24", "bone.tooth-23", "bone.tooth-22", "bone.tooth-21", "bone.tooth-18", "bone.tooth-17", "bone.tooth-16", "bone.tooth-15", "bone.tooth-14", "bone.tooth-13", "bone.tooth-12", "bone.tooth-11", "landmark.passages", "landmark.ica.group" ] }, { "id": "bone.frontal", "name": "Frontal bone", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.frontal" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.occipital", "name": "Occipital bone", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.occipital" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.sphenoid", "name": "Sphenoid bone", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.sphenoid" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.ethmoid", "name": "Ethmoid bone", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.ethmoid" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.vomer", "name": "Vomer", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.vomer" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.hyoid", "name": "Hyoid bone", "parent": "bone", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.hyoid" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.parietal.right", "name": "Parietal bone, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.parietal.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.parietal.left", "name": "Parietal bone, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.parietal.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.temporal.right", "name": "Temporal bone, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.temporal.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.temporal.left", "name": "Temporal bone, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.temporal.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.zygomatic.right", "name": "Zygomatic bone, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.zygomatic.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.zygomatic.left", "name": "Zygomatic bone, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.zygomatic.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.palatine.right", "name": "Palatine bone, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.palatine.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.palatine.left", "name": "Palatine bone, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.palatine.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.nasal.right", "name": "Nasal bone, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.nasal.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.nasal.left", "name": "Nasal bone, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.nasal.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.lacrimal.right", "name": "Lacrimal bone, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.lacrimal.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.lacrimal.left", "name": "Lacrimal bone, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.lacrimal.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.inferior_nasal_concha.right", "name": "Inferior nasal concha, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.inferior_nasal_concha.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.inferior_nasal_concha.left", "name": "Inferior nasal concha, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.inferior_nasal_concha.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.mandible", "name": "Mandible", "parent": "bone", "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.mandible" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.maxilla.right", "name": "Maxilla, right", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.maxilla.right" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "bone.maxilla.left", "name": "Maxilla, left", "parent": "bone.skull", "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "placeholder", "provenance": { "sourceType": "legacy-placeholder", "confidence": "legacy-context-only", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "bone.maxilla.left" }, "children": [], "notes": "Original skull context used to construct this ECA tree; transformed together to RAS millimetres. Not registered to TopBrain." }, { "id": "artery", "name": "Arteries", "parent": null, "children": [ "artery.anterior.common_carotid_right", "artery.anterior.common_carotid_left", "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "artery.posterior.vertebral_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Reference hierarchy", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] } }, { "id": "artery.carotid.external.right", "name": "External carotid artery right", "parent": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "artery.eca.lingual.right", "artery.eca.facial.right", "artery.eca.occipital.right", "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right", "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "artery.eca.apa.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "External carotid", "ECA", "ECA" ], "color": "#e76758", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "External carotid" }, "notes": "Figs 1.2 and 4.3: trunk curvature adapted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The ECA arises from the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_right), typically at the level of the C4 vertebra (varying from C2 to T2). In 75%, the [internal carotid artery](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) ([ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right)) lies posterolateral to the ECA.\n\nIt supplies structures of the head, neck, and face, including muscles, skin, and bones, as well as the pharynx, oral cavity, larynx, thyroid gland, cranial nerves (CNs), and dura mater.\n\nNear its origin, the inferiorly directed [superior thyroid artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right) arises.\n\nThe ECA then runs superiorly towards the parotid gland, giving off the lingual and facial arteries anteriorly, and the occipital, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right) arteries posterosuperiorly.\n\nIt bifurcates into the [superficial temporal artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) ([STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right)) and [internal maxillary artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) ([IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)) after piercing the parotid gland, behind the neck of the mandible." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "name": "Superior thyroid artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.superior_laryngeal.right", "artery.eca.infrahyoid.right", "artery.amendment.superior_thyroid_scm_branch.right", "artery.amendment.cricothyroid.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior thyroid", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior thyroid" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: upper thyroid gland, infrahyoid, sternocleidomastoid, and cricothyroid muscles, superior larynx, and the parathyroids. It has rich anastomoses with the inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk.\n\nOrigin: anteriorly at the origin of the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right). Occasionally it originates from the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_right) and rarely from a common origin with the [lingual artery](#structure-artery.eca.lingual.right).\n\nCourse: it is directed acutely downward and continues lateral to the larynx before reaching the thyroid gland." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_laryngeal.right", "name": "Superior laryngeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior laryngeal", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior laryngeal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.infrahyoid.right", "name": "Infrahyoid artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Infrahyoid", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Infrahyoid" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lingual.right", "name": "Lingual artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.deep_lingual.right", "artery.eca.dorsal_lingual.right", "artery.eca.sublingual.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lingual" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8b: lingual loop, Fig 2.2b: normal territory reference. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: ipsilateral tongue and buccal and oral mucosa. It can also supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.\n\nOrigin: the lingual artery originates anteriorly from the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) just below the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right), although it occasionally shares a common origin. Rarely, it can share a common origin with the [superior thyroid](#structure-artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right).\n\nCourse: initially, anterosuperior to the greater horn of the hyoid, it then turns inferiorly and then anteriorly, crossed by the hypoglossal nerve. It then runs horizontally along the hyoid before diving under the hyoglossus." }, { "id": "artery.eca.deep_lingual.right", "name": "Deep lingual artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.lingual.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Deep lingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Deep lingual" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8b: distal lingual tortuosity. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.dorsal_lingual.right", "name": "Dorsal lingual artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.lingual.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dorsal lingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Dorsal lingual" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.sublingual.right", "name": "Sublingual artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.lingual.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Sublingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Sublingual" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.facial.right", "name": "Facial artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.angular.right", "artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right", "artery.eca.tonsillar.right", "artery.eca.submental.right", "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right", "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right", "artery.amendment.facial_submandibular_gland_branch.right", "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.right", "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8c,d with facial MPRs; Fig 1.2. Visually adapted to mandibular landmarks from a traced DSA; direct 2D mapping unsuitable because the patient/skull differ. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: the submandibular gland, musculocutaneous tissue of the face, and the mandible.\n\nOrigin: the facial artery usually arises just above the [lingual artery](#structure-artery.eca.lingual.right), although sometimes it shares a common origin.\n\nCourse: initially anterosuperiorly directed it turns inferiorly and descends in the parapharyngeal space to reach the submandibular gland. It runs anterolaterally, crossing the deep aspect of the gland and giving off the [submental artery](#structure-artery.eca.submental.right) before crossing the mandible in front of the masseter. The artery terminates at the level of the ala of the nose in about 50% and gives rise to the [superior labial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right) and alar branches. Alternatively, it becomes the [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right), running in the nasolabial fold to reach the angle of the eye." }, { "id": "artery.eca.angular.right", "name": "Angular artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.angular_dorsal_nasal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Angular", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular" }, "notes": "Fig 2.10 and Fig 2.8: angular course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Angular artery: if present, this is the terminal branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right). It may also originate from the ophthalmic or [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right). The vessel courses in the nasojugal fold giving off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery ([lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right)) to form the palpebral arcade. There are anastomoses with the ophthalmic, [lateral nasal](#structure-artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right), and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) in addition to its counterpart across the midline." }, { "id": "artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right", "name": "Ascending palatine artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ascending palatine", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ascending palatine" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Ascending palatine artery: this originates most frequently from the apex of the proximal segment of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) or from the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) or lingual arteries. It ascends superiorly between the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus, giving off tonsillar branches. The artery reaches and supplies the soft palate and the Eustachian tube superiorly. It anastomoses with the pharyngeal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right), and [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) arteries. Damage to this vessel is often implicated in post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage." }, { "id": "artery.eca.tonsillar.right", "name": "Tonsillar artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Tonsillar", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Tonsillar" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Tonsillar branch: this arises from the proximal descending part and ascends between the internal pterygoid muscle and styloglossus. It courses anteromedially to supply the palatine tonsil and tongue. It can also be injured during tonsillectomy." }, { "id": "artery.eca.submental.right", "name": "Submental artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Submental", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Submental" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8d: submental branch along mandibular body. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Hanging loop raised to follow the retained mandibular inferior surface; fixed facial origin and shared collar retained. Reference clearance is not a measured mylohyoid plane.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Submental artery: this originates at the submandibular segment of the artery and courses anteriorly on mylohyoid, delivering branches to the submandibular gland and regional musculocutaneous tissue and the mandible." }, { "id": "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right", "name": "Inferior labial artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.contralateral_inferior_labial.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior labial", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior labial" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8d: labial undulation. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Main course lowered into the lower-lip band below the visible lower crowns; existing facial root and welded collar retained.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior labial artery runs along the lower lip. The labial arteries supply the labial glands, mucous membranes, and regional musculature." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "name": "Superior labial artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.labial_septal_plexus.right", "artery.connection.contralateral_superior_labial.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior labial", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior labial" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8c,d: labial course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Main course slightly lowered into the upper-lip band above the visible upper crowns; existing facial root and welded collar retained.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior labial artery follows the upper lip. The labial arteries supply the labial glands, mucous membranes, and regional musculature. The superior labial artery also delivers branches to the nasal septum and ala and can anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right) (the terminal branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right))." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right", "name": "Lateral nasal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral nasal", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral nasal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral nasal artery: this originates distal to the [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right) branch (or from the [superior labial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right)) and runs superiorly along the side of the nose. Occasionally, it is the terminal branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "name": "Occipital artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "artery.eca.occipital_medial_scalp.right", "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right", "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right", "artery.connection.occipital_vertebral_c1.right", "artery.amendment.occipital_scm_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital" }, "notes": "Fig 3.3a,b and MPR: segmental OA course; DAVF calibre/enlarged transosseous feeders excluded. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: musculocutaneous tissue and bone, dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa, and CNs.\n\nOrigin: posterosuperiorly from the proximal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) usually just above or below the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) (occasionally they share a common trunk). In some cases, it arises from the internal carotid, vertebral, deep cervical, or [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right) arteries.\n\nFirst segment: runs posterosuperiorly to reach the occipital groove of the temporal bone.\n\nSecond segment: horizontal to the superior nuchal line (a bony ridge sweeping laterally from the external occipital protuberance).\n\nThird segment: ascends the distal occiput." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "name": "Occipital lateral scalp artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.occipital_posterior_auricular_scalp.right", "artery.connection.occipital_mma_transosseous_potential.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital lateral scalp", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital lateral scalp" }, "notes": "Fig 3.3: peripheral OA course; skull surface adapted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_medial_scalp.right", "name": "Occipital medial scalp artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital medial scalp", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital medial scalp" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right", "name": "Occipital descending artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.occipital_descending_vertebral_c2.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital descending", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital descending" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Descending muscular branches: there are superficial and deep muscular branches arising from the second segment that run inferiorly to supply the back muscles, such as the splenius and trapezius. Importantly, the deep branch anastomoses with the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) and branches of the costocervical trunk at the C1-C2 level and the cervical arteries at C3-C4." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right", "name": "Occipital mastoid artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital mastoid", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Mastoid branches: these arise from the second segment and supply the mastoid bone and skin. A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.right) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right", "name": "Posterior auricular artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_parotid_branch.right", "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior auricular", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior auricular" }, "notes": "Figs 4.1b, 4.2b: retroauricular course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: musculocutaneous tissue of the face, scalp, pinna, and parotid gland. It is in haemodynamic balance with the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) and [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right). There are anastomoses with the anterior auricular artery (a branch of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right)) above the ear.\n\nOrigin: the vessel arises from the distal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) posteriorly at the level of the inferior parotid gland. Alternatively, it may share a common trunk with the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right).\n\nCourse: the artery is directed posterosuperiorly beneath the parotid gland and runs on the superior surface of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It turns superficially at the mastoid process and courses posterosuperiorly in the posterior auricular sulcus, between the mastoid process and the pinna." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "name": "Stylomastoid artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.stylomastoid_inferior_tympanic.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Stylomastoid", "Scalp", "ECA", "Posterior auricular stylomastoid" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Stylomastoid" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Posterior auricular origin retained; legacy ID is stable.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Stylomastoid artery: this arises from the first segment of the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) or the [posterior auricular artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right). It enters the [stylomastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.stylomastoid.right) with the facial nerve, which it supplies, contributing to the facial arcade in the temporal bone with the [petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right) ([MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)). It enters the tympanic cavity and anastomoses with the [superior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right) from the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right), [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right), the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) branch of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), and the arcuate branch of the [anterior inferior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) ([AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right)). It also supplies the tympanic antrum, mastoid bone, and semicircular canal." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "name": "Superficial temporal artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right", "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right", "artery.eca.middle_temporal.right", "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.right", "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superficial temporal", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superficial temporal" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: the lateral aspect of the scalp and face.\n\nOrigin: this is one of the two terminal divisions of the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) (the other being the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)).\n\nCourse: the artery originates behind the neck of the mandible in the parotid gland. It ascends laterally along the superficial surface of the temporalis muscle, over the posterior aspect of the condylar process, and passes superficially over the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. After a few centimetres it divides into its frontal and parietal terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right", "name": "STA frontal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right", "artery.connection.sta_supraorbital.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA frontal", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA frontal" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The frontal and parietal terminal divisions of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) arise a couple of centimetres above the superior margin of the zygomatic arch, supplying muscle, skin, and bone. The frontal division curves anterosuperiorly towards the superior orbital rim. It anastomoses with the supraorbital and frontal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right", "name": "STA frontal anterior twig artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.sta_supratrochlear_scalp.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA frontal anterior twig", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA frontal anterior twig" }, "notes": "Fig 4.3: unequal peripheral frontal branching; distal endpoint estimated. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "name": "STA parietal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.sta_parietal_anterior_twig.right", "artery.connection.sta_occipital_scalp.right", "artery.connection.sta_mma_transosseous_potential.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA parietal", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA parietal" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The frontal and parietal terminal divisions of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) arise a couple of centimetres above the superior margin of the zygomatic arch, supplying muscle, skin, and bone. The parietal division runs posterosuperiorly and anastomoses with the occipital, [deep middle temporal](#structure-artery.eca.middle_temporal.right), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.sta_parietal_anterior_twig.right", "name": "STA parietal anterior twig artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA parietal anterior twig", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA parietal anterior twig" }, "notes": "Fig 4.3: unequal parietal branching; distal endpoint estimated. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right", "name": "Transverse facial artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.right", "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.right", "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_parotid_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 4.4: transverse facial course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Transverse facial artery: this arises within the parotid gland near the origin of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) and divides into superior and inferior branches. The superior division passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries. The inferior trunk also supplies the parotid gland and runs superficially over the masseter, which it supplies. It anastomoses with branches of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.middle_temporal.right", "name": "Posterior deep temporal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle temporal", "Scalp", "ECA", "Posterior deep temporal (STA territory, Kiyosue convention)", "Middle temporal artery right", "Middle temporal artery", "Posterior deep temporal artery", "Posterior deep temporal artery right" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. STA origin retained; distinct from MCA middle temporal.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior deep temporal artery: this arises at the level of the zygoma and is directed posteroinferiorly. Rarely it originates from the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) or from a common trunk with the zygomatico-orbital arteries. It supplies the temporalis muscle and anastomoses with the middle and anterior temporal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "name": "Maxillary artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right", "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right", "artery.eca.pterygoid_muscular.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right", "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Maxillary", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Maxillary" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The internal maxillary artery (IMA) and [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) are the terminal divisions of the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right). The IMA can be referred to as simply the maxillary artery.\n\nIMA branches supply the organs and muscles of the head and neck, mouth, paranasal sinuses, dura, and CNs.\n\nOrigin: the IMA originates within the parotid gland behind the neck of the mandible.\n\nThe first (mandibular) segment runs deep to the neck of the mandible and runs anterior just lateral to the inferior alveolar nerve towards the border of the lateral pterygoid muscle. It gives off the [deep auricular](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right), [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right), middle meningeal, [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right), and [inferior alveolar (dental)](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right) arteries.\n\nThe second (zygomatic or pterygoid) segment curves anteromedially, either superficial or deep to the pterygoid muscles, to reach the pterygopalatine fossa. It gives off [middle deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right), pterygoid, masseteric, buccal, and [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right) branches.\n\nThe third (pterygopalatine) segment runs medially in the pterygopalatine fossa giving off the [posterior superior dental](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right), [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right), [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right), and pharyngeal arteries and the arteries of the [foramen rotundum](#structure-landmark.rotundum.right), [pterygoid canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) (vidian artery), and [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right). It terminates as the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right) at the medial border of the fossa, in the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right", "name": "Deep auricular artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Deep auricular", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Deep auricular" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this tiny artery is the first maxillary branch. It may share a common origin with the [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right).\n\nCourse: it ascends within the parotid behind the temporomandibular joint. It passes through the wall of the external acoustic meatus to supply the skin of the canal and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right", "name": "Anterior tympanic artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior tympanic", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior tympanic" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: another small vessel, sometimes shares a common origin with the [deep auricular artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right). It also occasionally arises from the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right), the distal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right), or other proximal maxillary arteries such as the inferior dental or middle meningeal.\n\nCourse: the artery ascends behind the temporomandibular joint and bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch supplies the temporomandibular joint, and the posterior branch enters the tympanic cavity through the [petrotympanic fissure](#structure-landmark.petrotympanic.right) to supply the mucosa of the tympanic cavity and the tympanic membrane.\n\nAnastomoses: [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right), the [artery of the pterygoid canal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right) (vidian artery), and anastomoses within the tympanic cavity including the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) branch of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "name": "Inferior alveolar artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.mental.right", "artery.eca.incisive.right", "artery.eca.mylohyoid.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior alveolar", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Inferior dental artery", "Inferior dental (or alveolar) artery" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior alveolar" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.3: Intraosseous mandibular route and outward mental-foramen exit revised.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: inferiorly from the first segment of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right). Occasionally arises from a common trunk with the [middle deep temporal artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right).\n\nThe vessel supplies the roots of the lower teeth.\n\nCourse: it runs inferiorly accompanying the inferior alveolar nerve and vein. It enters the [mandibular canal](#structure-landmark.mandibular-canal.right) through an opening on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus and then courses anteroinferiorly and medially towards the [mental foramen](#structure-landmark.mental-foramen.right) on the anterior surface of the mandible, anastomosing with mental branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mental.right", "name": "Mental artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mental", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Mental" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.3: Intraosseous mandibular route and outward mental-foramen exit revised.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right) divides into incisor and mental terminal branches opposite the first premolar tooth. The mental branch supplies the lower lip and chin." }, { "id": "artery.eca.incisive.right", "name": "Incisive artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Incisive", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Incisive" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.3: Intraosseous mandibular route and outward mental-foramen exit revised.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right) divides into incisor and mental terminal branches opposite the first premolar tooth. The incisor branch supplies the pulp of the teeth." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mylohyoid.right", "name": "Mylohyoid artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mylohyoid", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Mylohyoid" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Extramandibular branches of the [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right) supply the pterygoid and mylohyoid muscles and the lingual nerve." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right", "name": "Middle deep temporal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior deep temporal", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Middle deep temporal (Kiyosue convention)", "Posterior deep temporal artery right", "Posterior deep temporal artery", "Middle deep temporal artery", "Middle deep temporal artery right" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior deep temporal" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3, 5.9: deep temporal ascent in temporal fossa. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Maxillary origin retained under common anatomical nomenclature.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this is from the proximal aspect of the second maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [inferior dental artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right).\n\nCourse: superiorly on the temporal bone giving off small branches to bone and the temporalis muscle.\n\nAnastomoses: [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right) and [superficial temporal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right). There are transosseous anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) and distal lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right", "name": "Anterior deep temporal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.deep_temporal_lacrimal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior deep temporal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior deep temporal" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3, 5.9: anterior deep temporal course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: the anterior deep temporal artery takes its origin from the distal aspect of the second segment. It may share a common origin with the [buccal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right).\n\nCourse: anterosuperiorly along the temporalis muscle which it supplies. It contributes an important branch to the lateral orbit which it reaches either via the zygomatic temporal fissure or [inferior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.right).\n\nAnastomoses: middle deep and [superficial temporal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) and also distal lacrimal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right", "name": "Masseteric artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Masseteric", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Masseteric" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: proximal part of the second maxillary segment.\n\nCourse: inferiorly through the mandibular notch, between the coronoid and condyloid processes, to supply the masseter muscle.\n\nAnastomoses: masseteric branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) and [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right", "name": "Buccal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Buccal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Buccal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: distal part of the second maxillary segment.\n\nCourse: inferiorly to supply buccal mucosa, buccinator, the parotid duct, and skin.\n\nAnastomoses: ascending branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) and the superior masseteric branch of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right). It is an important route for [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) reconstitution after proximal [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) ligation." }, { "id": "artery.eca.pterygoid_muscular.right", "name": "Pterygoid muscular artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygoid muscular", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pterygoid muscular" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: inferiorly from the second maxillary segment.\n\nThe artery supplies the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right", "name": "Posterior superior alveolar artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.psa_anterior_division.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior superior alveolar", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Posterior superior dental artery" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior superior alveolar" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this artery takes its origin from the proximal part of the third maxillary segment, just inside the pterygopalatine fossa. It often shares a common trunk with the [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right).\n\nCourse: anteroinferiorly on the lateral surface of the maxilla, giving off osseous branches, supplying the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and buccal cavity, and buccinator. The vessel then enters the superior alveolar canal in the maxilla running towards the incisor foramen.\n\nAnastomoses: [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right), [transverse facial](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right), and [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.psa_anterior_division.right", "name": "PSA anterior division right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PSA anterior division", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PSA anterior division" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "name": "Infraorbital artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right", "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Infraorbital", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Infraorbital" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9 MPR and Fig 2.9: canal-guided course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Visible orbital floor and anterior depression guide course; enclosed infraorbital lumen is not resolved.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this terminal branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) arises anteroinferiorly from the proximal part of the third maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [posterior superior dental artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right). It supplies the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and lacrimal sac.\n\nCourse: laterally, it looks like an upturned boat hull. It ascends on the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and then traverses the [inferior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.right) to enter the orbit. The vessel runs forward on the orbital floor in the [infraorbital groove](#structure-landmark.infraorbital-groove.right) (together with the infraorbital nerve and vein), giving off osseous and muscular branches and anastomosing with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right). It then exits through the [infraorbital foramen](#structure-landmark.infraorbital-foramen.right) (again with the infraorbital nerve and vein) to supply the lateral aspect of the nose, upper lip, and the lower eyelid.\n\nAnastomoses: the terminal branches anastomose with the superficial temporal, ophthalmic, facial, and [transverse facial](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right", "name": "Anterior superior alveolar artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior superior alveolar", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior superior alveolar" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right", "name": "Descending palatine artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Descending palatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Descending palatine" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3, 5.9 MPR: descending palatine canal. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: inferiorly from the third maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [posterior lateral nasal branch](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_lateral_nasal.right) of the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right).\n\nCourse: it descends and enters the [greater palatine (pterygopalatine) canal](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-canal.right) accompanied by the great palatine nerve. Within the canal it gives off the [lesser palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right) which supplies the soft palate. The artery becomes the [greater palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.greater_palatine.right) as it exits the canal through the [greater palatine foramen](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.right). It courses anteriorly beneath the hard palate to supply the hard palate, gingiva, and nasal septum.\n\nAnastomoses: [posterior septal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right) (from the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right)) and the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "name": "Greater palatine artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.contralateral_palatal.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Greater palatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Greater palatine" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) becomes the greater palatine artery as it exits the canal through the [greater palatine foramen](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.right). It courses anteriorly beneath the hard palate to supply the hard palate, gingiva, and nasal septum.\n\nAnastomoses: [posterior septal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right) (from the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right)) and the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right", "name": "Lesser palatine artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lesser palatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lesser palatine" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Within the [greater palatine canal](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-canal.right), the [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) gives off the lesser palatine artery, which supplies the soft palate." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right", "name": "Sphenopalatine artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "artery.eca.posterior_lateral_nasal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Sphenopalatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Sphenopalatine" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3 and 5.9: terminal PPF and nasal entry. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: the sphenopalatine is a terminal branch of the [maxillary artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right).\n\nCourse: medially through the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right) to enter the nasal cavity, which it supplies in addition to the paranasal sinuses. It is best seen on the anteroposterior projection angiographically due to its medial course." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "name": "Posterior septal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.septal_anterior_ethmoidal.right", "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.right", "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior septal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior septal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior septal (or medial [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right)) artery: this vessel is medially directed towards the superior turbinate and gives off a branch to the sphenoid ostium. It divides into superior and inferior branches. The superior branch supplies the superior turbinate before coursing medially to the nasal septum where it curves anteriorly. It anastomoses with branches of the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right) and [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) and contributes to Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus. This plexus is located on the anterior inferior quadrant of the nasal septum (\u2018Little\u2019s area\u2019) and is a common site for epistaxis. It is supplied by five vessels: the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right), [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right), greater palatine, [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right), and [posterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_lateral_nasal.right", "name": "Posterior lateral nasal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior lateral nasal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior lateral nasal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior lateral nasal artery (or lateral [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right)): this vessel sometimes originates from the [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right). It supplies the middle and inferior turbinates and maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. It may anastomose with branches of the [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right), nasal branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right), and ethmoidal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right", "name": "Pterygovaginal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygovaginal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pterygovaginal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: third maxillary segment proximal to the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right). It sometimes shares a common trunk with the artery of the pterygoid/[vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) or the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right).\n\nCourse: posteromedially and inferiorly through the pharyngeal (pterygovaginal) canal to supply the roof of pharynx and pharyngeal end of the Eustachian tube.\n\nAnastomoses: branches of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), vidian artery, and [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) (pharyngeal/Eustachian tube anastomosis)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "name": "Vidian artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.vidian_eca_ica.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vidian", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vidian" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9 MPR: canal-guided course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: posterosuperiorly from the third maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right) or the pharyngeal artery.\n\nIt supplies the mucosa of the pterygopalatine fossa and nasopharyngeal cavity.\n\nCourse: the vessel has a horizontal course, running posterolaterally through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) accompanied by the vidian nerve to reach the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) where it anastomoses with the other vidian artery arising from the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous). Along its course it gives off mucosal branches to the nasal and oropharyngeal cavities and osseous branches within the [pterygoid canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) and Eustachian tube.\n\nAnastomoses: [vidian artery of the ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right), [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right), mandibular artery, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) ([superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right)), [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right), and [ascending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right) arteries (the pharyngeal/Eustachian tube anastomosis)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right", "name": "Artery of the foramen rotundum right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.foramen_rotundum_ilt.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Artery of foramen rotundum", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Artery of foramen rotundum artery right", "Artery of foramen rotundum artery", "Artery of the foramen rotundum" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Artery of foramen rotundum" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9: foraminal course; no hypertrophied cavernous feeder reproduced. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Redirected through the visible sphenoid opening; course is a teaching reconstruction.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: posterosuperiorly from the third maxillary segment. It courses posteriorly accompanied by the maxillary nerve, which it supplies, and enters the cranium through the [foramen rotundum](#structure-landmark.rotundum.right) to supply dura mater. It has a characteristic corkscrew appearance.\n\nAnastomoses: there is an important anastomosis with the [anterolateral branch of the ILT](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.right) (from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous))." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right", "name": "Accessory meningeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.right", "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Accessory meningeal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Redirected through the visible sphenoid opening; course is a teaching reconstruction.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this artery has an oblique anterior and medial slant, arising anterosuperiorly from the first segment of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) or from the extracranial [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right). It supplies the CNs, the pharynx, the Eustachian tube, meninges and has several important anastomoses." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "name": "Middle meningeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right", "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle meningeal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle meningeal" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Spinosum region posterolateral to visible ovale; small spinosum lumen not resolved.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The middle meningeal artery supplies more than two-thirds of the cranial dura.\n\nOrigin: the MMA arises from the superomedial surface of the first segment of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right). Often it shares a common trunk with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right). The MMA may also rarely originate from the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) (the \u2018recurrent meningeal artery\u2019), the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous) via the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right), the [petrosal ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous) via the persistent stapedial or vidian arteries, the [cervical ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cervical), the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) (usually distal third), or the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right).\n\nExtracranial segment: the artery passes superiorly and medially and enters the cranial cavity via the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.right).\n\nHorizontal segment: it then turns abruptly laterally and runs horizontally giving off wispy petrosal and cavernous sinus branches. The vessel continues to reach the petrosquamous suture, delivering a [petrosquamosal branch](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right).\n\nTemporal segment: it then courses anteriorly on the greater wing of the sphenoid to reach the pterion (the convergence of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones).\n\nPterional segment: this segment curves around the pterion.\n\nCoronal segment: this segment runs superomedially along the coronal suture towards the midline, becoming the paramedian artery supplying the superior sagittal sinus." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right", "name": "MMA frontal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.mma_frontal_anterior_division.right", "artery.eca.mma_frontal_posterior_division.right", "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA frontal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA frontal" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 5.8b (PDF p122), selective MMA, parasagittal meningioma. Manual pixel trace of the arterial course; tumour supply and absolute calibre excluded. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior convexity branches: these originate from the temporal, pterional, and coronal segments and course medially along the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. There are important anastomoses with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right). The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) may be the sole supply of the orbit (the \u2018meningo-ophthalmic artery\u2019) or supply the lacrimal gland and lateral orbit via a recurrent branch traversing the [foramen of Hyrtl](#structure-landmark.cranio-orbital.right) (found in the spheno-orbital foramen, in the orbital roof). This latter branch usually also has [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) anastomoses. Anterior branches from the coronal segment anastomose with the [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right) branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_frontal_anterior_division.right", "name": "MMA frontal anterior division right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA frontal anterior division", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA frontal anterior division" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b: frontal branching, inner table constrained. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_frontal_posterior_division.right", "name": "MMA frontal posterior division right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA frontal posterior division", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA frontal posterior division" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b: adapted convexity course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right", "name": "MMA posterior convexity artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right", "artery.eca.mma_posterior_terminal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA posterior convexity", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA posterior convexity" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b and 5.9b; tumour-directed distal branches excluded. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior convexity branches: a variable number of posterior branches arise from the temporal and coronal segments, and the petrosquamosal branches, supplying a large region of convexity dura mater. Note that all peripheral branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) have potential anastomoses with more superficial arteries such as the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) and [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) via transosseous branches, which become evident under pathological conditions, in particular, dural arteriovenous fistulas. There are also potential anastomoses with dural branches of cortical arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right", "name": "MMA parietal ascending artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA parietal ascending", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA parietal ascending" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b; irregular ascending convexity course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_posterior_terminal.right", "name": "MMA posterior terminal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA posterior terminal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA posterior terminal" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b; posterior convexity course adapted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "name": "MMA petrosquamosal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_marginal.right", "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_pca_dural.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA petrosquamosal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA petrosquamosal" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9 axial and sagittal MPR, petrosquamosal course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Petrosquamosal branch: this arises from the horizontal segment slightly more distally than the petrosal branches. On the lateral view it can be difficult to distinguish from the petrosal branches, but this is easy on anteroposterior (AP) views as the petrosquamosal is directed laterally (and is usually more prominent) whereas the petrosal branches course medially and are wispy." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "name": "MMA petrosal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "artery.connection.facial_nerve_arcade.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA petrosal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA petrosal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Petrosal branches: these arise posteriorly at the level of the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.right) from the proximal horizontal segment. The branches should be protected during embolisation particularly because the superficial petrosal branch passes through the facial nerve canal contributing to the facial arcade to supply the facial nerve. They run medially to supply regional dura mater. The proximal petrosal branch, immediately distal to the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.right), supplies the cavernous sinus, trigeminal nerve, and Gasserian ganglion and anastomoses with the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right). This artery also supplies the [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right) cavity and anastomoses in the tympanic cavity with the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right) (another petrosal branch supplying the tensor tympani muscle and superior part of the tympanic cavity), [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right), subarcuate (anterior inferior cerebellar branch) arteries, and the tubal branch of the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right). There are also numerous important anastomoses including with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right), tentorial arteries from the inferolateral or MHTs of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), dural branches from the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) and [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right", "name": "MMA cavernous artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.right", "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA cavernous", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA cavernous" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Cavernous sinus branches: anterior and posterior branches originate from the horizontal segment to supply the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. The anterior branch runs anteromedially to supply the anterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right). The posterior branch is directed posteromedially to supply the posterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the medial clival artery and the carotid branch of the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "name": "MMA orbital artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.mma_lacrimal__meningolacrimal.right", "artery.connection.mma_ophthalmic__recurrent_meningeal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA orbital", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA orbital" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) may be the sole supply of the orbit (the meningo-ophthalmic artery) or supply the lacrimal gland and lateral orbit via a recurrent branch traversing the [foramen of Hyrtl](#structure-landmark.cranio-orbital.right). This latter branch usually also has [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) anastomoses." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.right", "name": "Ascending pharyngeal artery right", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right", "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right", "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.right", "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ascending pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ascending pharyngeal" }, "notes": "Figs 3.13 and 3.16: ascending trunk. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: nasopharynx, Eustachian tube, middle ear, oropharynx, soft palate, abducens, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves.\n\nOrigin: this long needle-thin artery arises posteromedially from the proximal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right), close to the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) origin, sometimes sharing an origin. It can also arise from a common trunk with the lingual and facial arteries, the carotid bifurcation, internal carotid, or ascending cervical artery. There are numerous potential anastomoses with the vertebrobasilar artery and [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right).\n\nCourse: it runs straight up medial to the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), giving off small muscular branches before dividing into anterior pharyngeal and posterior neuromeningeal trunks." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right", "name": "Pharyngeal trunk right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.inferior_pharyngeal.right", "artery.eca.middle_pharyngeal.right", "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pharyngeal trunk", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pharyngeal trunk" }, "notes": "Figs 3.13, 3.16: pharyngeal branch. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal branches: these branches supply the pharyngeal submucosal spaces and contribute to a rich anastomotic network with the contralateral [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) and [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.inferior_pharyngeal.right", "name": "Inferior pharyngeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior pharyngeal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior branch, also of importance in post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage, courses anteroinferiorly and supplies the oropharynx. It may anastomose with the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.middle_pharyngeal.right", "name": "Middle pharyngeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle pharyngeal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The middle branch is directed anteromedially and supplies the nasopharynx and soft palate. It is an important source of bleeding in refractory epistaxis and post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. It may anastomose with the [pterygovaginal](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right), [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right), and descending and greater palatine arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right", "name": "Superior pharyngeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.right", "artery.connection.contralateral_pharyngeal.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior pharyngeal" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior branch is directed upwards and supplies the nasopharynx and soft palate. It anastomoses with the [artery of the pterygoid canal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right) and middle meningeal and [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) arteries (from the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)), and the vidian and mandibular arteries ([ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) cavernous segment). The superior branch gives off Eustachian tube and carotid branches. The former supplies the Eustachian tube and submucosa of the fossa of Rosenm\u00fcller while the latter traverses the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) to anastomose with the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right) ([inferolateral trunk](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) ([ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right)) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), both ipsilateral and contralateral)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right", "name": "Neuromeningeal trunk right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right", "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Neuromeningeal trunk", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Neuromeningeal trunk" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16b,c,d: neuromeningeal ascent. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The neuromeningeal trunk is important because of its supply of cranial nerves. It may also arise from the occipital or [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right) arteries. The trunk bifurcates into jugular and hypoglossal branches." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right", "name": "Hypoglossal branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Hypoglossal branch", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Hypoglossal branch" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16b,c: medial turn then posterior canal course; Fig 3.10 anatomical cross-check. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The hypoglossal branch is more posterior, inferior, and medial and enters the cranium through the [hypoglossal canal](#structure-landmark.hypoglossal.right) to supply the hypoglossal nerve and meninges. A medial branch runs over the medial clivus and anastomoses with the [medial clival artery (MHT of the ICA)](#structure-artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.right). A descending branch anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and forms the odontoid arch arcade, together with bilateral C3 radicular branches of the vertebral arteries. Posterior branches course inferomedially along the floor of the posterior fossa, medially as the [artery of the falx cerebelli](#structure-artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right) and laterally as the posterior meningeal artery. Both of these may also arise from the vertebral or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right). Rarely, the [posterior inferior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) ([PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)) may arise from the hypoglossal artery." }, { "id": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "name": "Medial clival artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.apha_clival_mht.right", "artery.connection.contralateral_medial_clival.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial clival", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial clival" }, "notes": "Fig 3.13c and Fig 3.16: clival ascent; calibre estimated. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A medial branch of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right) runs over the medial clivus and anastomoses with the [medial clival artery from the MHT](#structure-artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.right) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "name": "Odontoid descending artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.apha_odontoid_vertebral.right", "artery.connection.odontoid_transverse_arcade.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Odontoid descending", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Odontoid descending" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A descending branch of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right) anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and forms the odontoid arch arcade, together with bilateral C3 radicular branches of the vertebral arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "name": "Hypoglossal posterior meningeal artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right", "artery.connection.apa_tentorial_sca_dural.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Hypoglossal posterior meningeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Hypoglossal posterior meningeal" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16c2: posterior fossa course; tumour/fistula supply excluded. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right) course inferomedially along the floor of the posterior fossa, medially as the [artery of the falx cerebelli](#structure-artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right) and laterally as the posterior meningeal artery. Both of these may also arise from the vertebral or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right", "name": "Jugular branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right", "children": [ "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right", "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Jugular branch", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Jugular branch" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16b,c: superolateral jugular route. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The jugular branch is the more superior and lateral division of the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right) and enters the cranium through the [jugular foramen](#structure-landmark.jugular-foramen.right).\n\nIt supplies the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves in addition to meninges. It has an ascending medial branch that accompanies the inferior petrosal sinus and anastomoses with the [lateral clival artery (meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT))](#structure-artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right). Clival branches also anastomose with branches of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) and other clival branches of the [meningohypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right) and can supply the abducens nerve in Dorello\u2019s canal. A sigmoid branch accompanies the sigmoid and transverse sinuses and anastomoses with the middle meningeal and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right). An additional ascending branch supplies dura mater of the internal auditory canal and may anastomose with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posterior meningeal artery may originate from the jugular branch." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "name": "Lateral clival artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.lateral_clival_apa_mht.right", "artery.connection.lateral_clival_recurrent_ilt.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral clival", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral clival" }, "notes": "Fig 3.13c, 3.16: inferior petrosal/clival relationship. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "An ascending medial branch of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) accompanies the inferior petrosal sinus and anastomoses with the [lateral clival artery from the MHT](#structure-artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right). Clival branches also anastomose with branches of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) and other clival branches of the [meningohypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right) and can supply the abducens nerve in Dorello\u2019s canal." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right", "name": "Jugular sigmoid branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Jugular sigmoid branch", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Jugular sigmoid branch" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16: sigmoid route; fistulous terminal enlargement omitted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A sigmoid branch of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) accompanies the sigmoid and transverse sinuses and anastomoses with the middle meningeal and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "name": "Inferior tympanic artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.inferior_tympanic_caroticotympanic.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior tympanic", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior tympanic" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior tympanic artery branch of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) travels with Jacobson\u2019s nerve through the inferior tympanic foramen, anastomosing with other tympanic ([anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right)) and surrounding arteries within the middle ear including the [caroticotympanic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right), a [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous) branch.\n\nThe [caroticotympanic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) is normally a tiny branch of the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous) but may enlarge and form the anatomical variant of the \u2018aberrant [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right)\u2019 in the absence of normal [cervical ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cervical) development." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_right", "name": "Common carotid right", "parent": "artery", "children": [ "artery.carotid.external.right", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "CCA", "cervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Common carotid right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cervical.", "color": "#ee9274", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The right CCA arises from the brachiocephalic trunk behind the sternoclavicular joint. It ascends in the carotid space adjacent to the internal jugular vein (IJV) and vagus nerve and bifurcates into its internal and external branches usually at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage at C4.\n\nAt the bifurcation, the vessel dilates into the carotid sinus (or bulb), which is a baroreceptor, sensitive to pressure changes in arterial blood pressure (BP). Stimulation (particularly during balloon angioplasty) may result in pronounced bradycardia and peripheral vasodilatation.\n\nOn the posterior edge of the bifurcation is the carotid body, a chemoreceptor which is mainly responsive to changes in the arterial respiratory gases O2, CO2, and pH.\n\nUsually, no branches arise from the CCA itself; however, occasionally the [superior thyroid](#structure-artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right), [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) may do so." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "name": "Internal carotid right", "parent": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cervical", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.paraophthalmic", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.posterior-communicating", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.anterior-choroidal", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.terminus" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "ICA", "mixed" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "notes": "Seven NYU/Shapiro endovascular regions. Petrolingual and dural boundaries are estimates, not measured soft tissue.", "color": "#f0b078", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The ICA originates at the bifurcation of the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_right). This is usually at C4 but may be as low as T2.\n\nThe New York University segmental classification divides the ICA into cervical, petrosal, cavernous, paraophthalmic, communicating, choroidal, and terminal segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "name": "Ophthalmic right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.paraophthalmic", "children": [ "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "artery.anterior.central_retinal_right", "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_medial_right", "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_lateral_right", "artery.anterior.supraorbital_right", "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_right", "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_right", "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right", "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right", "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.right", "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_superior_muscular_branch.right", "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right", "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.right", "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ophthalmic right" }, "notes": "Common supraoptic crossing pattern; intradural ICA origin and optic-canal entry. Model compartment: orbital. Geometry update v0.7.0: Medial optic-canal region estimate; no continuous identifiable lumen in this atlas. Not certified as canal-contained. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Ophthalmic artery: originates anteriorly from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) and traverses the orbital canal initially inferolateral and then arching superomedially over the optic nerve, adopting an American Civil War bayonet shape at the origin of the [central artery of the retina](#structure-artery.anterior.central_retinal_right) and posterior choroidal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "name": "Lacrimal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right", "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lacrimal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: orbital. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lacrimal artery: laterally placed, supplies the lacrimal gland, eyelids, and conjunctiva. The recurrent meningeal branch courses through the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right) to connect with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right). Other anastomoses include branches of the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) and deep temporal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.central_retinal_right", "name": "Central retinal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central retinal right" }, "notes": "Representative course to the optic nerve/globe; no retinal microvascular tree. Model compartment: orbital. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The central retinal artery: this, the most important branch, arises within the [optic canal](#structure-landmark.optic-canal.right) and travels alongside the optic nerve to supply the retina. It is a terminal branch without anastomoses and occlusion may result in permanent and severe visual loss." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_medial_right", "name": "Posterior ciliary medial right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior ciliary medial right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: orbital.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior ciliary arteries arise from the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) just proximal to the [central retinal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.central_retinal_right). They are responsible for the choroidal blush." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_lateral_right", "name": "Posterior ciliary lateral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior ciliary lateral right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: orbital.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior ciliary arteries arise from the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) just proximal to the [central retinal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.central_retinal_right). They are responsible for the choroidal blush." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.supraorbital_right", "name": "Supraorbital right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "scalp" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Supraorbital right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: scalp.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_right", "name": "Supratrochlear right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "scalp" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Supratrochlear right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: scalp.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supratrochlear artery: supplies the skin of the forehead/scalp, and underlying pericranium and frontalis." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_right", "name": "Dorsal nasal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "face" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Dorsal nasal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: face.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Dorsal nasal artery: supplies the lacrimal sac, face, and nose." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right", "name": "Anterior ethmoidal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "ethmoidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior ethmoidal right" }, "notes": "Medial orbital wall and anterior ethmoidal canal; fine canal not resolved in skull mesh. Model compartment: ethmoidal.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior ethmoidal artery distributes to the superior nasal septum and into the anterior meningeal branches (the artery of the falx cerebri). The ethmoidal arteries anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right", "name": "Posterior ethmoidal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "ethmoidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior ethmoidal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: ethmoidal. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior ethmoidal artery distributes to the posterosuperior nasal septum. The ethmoidal arteries anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_right", "name": "Superior hypophyseal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.paraophthalmic", "children": [ "artery.connection.contralateral_superior_hypophyseal.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior hypophyseal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Superior hypophyseal arteries: these small vessels typically arise medially along the [paraophthalmic ICA segment](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.paraophthalmic) and supply the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and optic nerve and some may supply the hypothalamus. There are anastomoses with their contralateral counterparts and ipsilateral [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "name": "Posterior communicating right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.posterior-communicating", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pcom_perforator_right", "artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.right", "artery.amendment.anterior_thalamoperforating_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior communicating right" }, "notes": "Joins ICA to the PCA at the P1/P2 junction; adult configuration. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#f0b078", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The PCOM insertion defines the PCA P1-P2 segments. Embryonically, the PCOM represents the caudal division of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) (contrasting with the adult description of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) division into the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA)).\n\nA \u2018fetal type\u2019 PCOM, seen in approximately 25%, means the vessel is larger than the P1, or that it supplies most of the flow to the PCA territory. Complete absence of the PCOM is very rare; however, a very hypoplastic vessel may not be appreciated angiographically.\n\nBranches: the PCOM gives off numerous small perforators to the ventral thalamus. These may be present even if the vessel is hypoplastic.\n\nIn embryonic development the PCOM is the caudal division of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right). As the vertebrobasilar system develops and gives rise to the PCA, the PCOM regresses to a variable degree." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "name": "Anterior choroidal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.anterior-choroidal", "children": [ "artery.amendment.acha_optic_tract_branch.right", "artery.amendment.acha_capsular_branch.right", "artery.amendment.acha_peduncular_branch.right", "artery.amendment.acha_temporal_branch.right", "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right.landmark.plexal_entry_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior choroidal right" }, "notes": "Cisternal course and plexal entry approximated; choroid plexus not modelled. Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior choroidal artery supplies highly eloquent tissue. It is rarely absent. It usually arises posterolaterally from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), 2-4 mm distal to the origin of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right). It may uncommonly arise from the MCA, a joint origin with the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right), or the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right) itself. It may also be larger than the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right), and thus occasionally mistaken for this vessel.\n\nThe anterior choroidal artery runs posteriorly beneath the optic tract and then around the cerebral peduncle in the carotid, crural, and ambient cisterns before again crossing the optic tract from medial to lateral at the level of the lateral geniculate body. It then enters the choroidal fissure and terminates in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. Occasionally, it may sweep around the pulvinar to reach the foramen of Monro. It anastomoses with the posterior choroidal artery via its intraventricular terminal branches and also with the middle and posterior cerebral arteries.\n\nThe crucial branches are cisternal. They supply the optic tract, cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tracts, red nucleus, subthalamus), the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the optic radiation, the lateral geniculate body, proximal optic radiations, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the uncus, dentate gyrus, piriform cortex, globus pallidus, and the ventral thalamic nuclei. Although a small artery, its occlusion may cause significant neurological deficit, including contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral hemisensory loss, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, hemineglect, and aphasia." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "name": "Meningohypophyseal trunk right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous", "children": [ "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_right", "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_right", "artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_right", "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Meningohypophyseal trunk right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cavernous. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT): this projects posteriorly and laterally from the proximal [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous) to supply the posterior pituitary, clivus, CNs III-VI, the trigeminal ganglion, the tentorium cerebelli, and other adjacent dura mater. It may exist as a single trunk or as multiple branches directly from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) (or, indeed, the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right))." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_right", "name": "Tentorial marginal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "tentorial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Tentorial marginal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: tentorial. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The marginal tentorial artery of Bernasconi and Cassinari is a dural vessel that traverses the medial, free, edge of the tentorial leaf towards the torcular." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_right", "name": "Dorsal meningeal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "clival" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Dorsal meningeal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: clival. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_right", "name": "Inferior hypophyseal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior hypophyseal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cavernous. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior inferior hypophyseal artery: anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and supplies the posterior (and sometimes part of the anterior) lobe of the pituitary. It gives off an inferior clival artery that anastomoses with clival branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right). The posterior inferior hypophyseal and medial clival arteries are remnants of the primitive [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) which can persist and enlarge in agenesis of the [cervical ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cervical), so reconstituting the intracranial carotid circulation." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right", "name": "Inferolateral trunk right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous", "children": [ "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_right", "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_right", "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferolateral trunk right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cavernous. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Inferolateral trunk (ILT): originates on the lateral part of the mid-horizontal [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous) and is directed inferiorly. It is an important vascular network connecting the middle meningeal, [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right), internal carotid, ophthalmic, and [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_right", "name": "ILT anteromedial ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous", "ILT anterior branch", "ILT anteromedial ramus" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT anterior branch right" }, "notes": "Named ILT ramus in the selected configuration; regional trajectory, not nerve segmentation.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anteromedial ramus is directed towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right), supplying CNs III, IV, V1, and the abducens nerve (CN VI), and forming an anastomosis with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) as the [deep recurrent ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_right", "name": "ILT posterior division (posterolateral continuation) right", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous", "ILT posterior branch", "ILT posterior division (posterolateral continuation)" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT posterior branch right" }, "notes": "Named ILT ramus in the selected configuration; regional trajectory, not nerve segmentation.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterolateral branch supplies the trigeminal ganglion and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) at the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right", "name": "Caroticotympanic right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "tympanic" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Caroticotympanic right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: tympanic. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Caroticotympanic: this small branch (the vestigial remnant of the hyoid artery) enters the middle ear cavity and anastomoses with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), the [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) and [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right) arteries, and a branch of the [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right). It forms the cranial part of the \u2018aberrant [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right)\u2019." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right", "name": "Vidian ICA contribution right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "vidian" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vidian ICA contribution right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: vidian. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Mandibulovidian artery: this artery has vidian and mandibular branches, both of which may arise separately from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right).\n\nThe vidian branch, horizontally orientated, passes anteriorly through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) and then into the pterygopalatine fossa to meet its counterpart [vidian branch of the IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right). The branch is not always visible angiographically but may enlarge in certain situations, e.g., when supplying a juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_a1_right", "name": "ACA A1 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_right", "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cisternal", "A1 pre-communicating ACA right", "Anterior cerebral artery A1 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A1 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The A1 segment is directed forwards and medially above the optic nerve and chiasm towards the anterior interhemispheric fissure.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_right" }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "name": "ACA pericallosal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a2", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a3", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a4", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "ACA", "interhemispheric" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "notes": "A2 ascending, A3 genu, A4-A5 pericallosal course. Callosal relations estimated from atlas. Model compartment: interhemispheric.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "startPointMm": [ 2.3, -26.0, 84.0 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "endArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "startPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "endArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "startPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "endPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "startPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.0, -97.99999999999999, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A2 segment arises distal to the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating) and extends to the junction of the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum.\n\nThe A3 segment extends around the genu of the corpus callosum.\n\nSegments inclusive of and distal to the A3 are generally called the pericallosal artery, although sometimes the A2 segment is also referred to as such. Small perforating branches supply the corpus callosum and the callosal arteries, and these traverse the corpus callosum to supply the septum, anterior pillars of the fornix, and anterior commissure. Distally, there are anastomoses with the [posterior pericallosal branch of the PCA](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right) via perisplenial branches.\n\nThe A4 segment originates at the body of the corpus callosum and the A5 segment is the continuation of the vessel posterior to the coronal suture.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_right" }, { "id": "artery.anterior.recurrent_artery_of_heubner_right", "name": "Recurrent artery of Heubner right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Recurrent artery of Heubner right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: perforating.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The recurrent artery of Heubner: the largest laterally projecting perforating branch arising from the A1 or proximal A2 segment, travelling above the A1 and M1 segments, supplies the anterior hypothalamus, anteroinferior caudate head, anterior lentiform nucleus, and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. It is optimally demonstrated angiographically by a contralateral carotid injection. It is in haemodynamic balance with the [medial lenticulostriates](#structure-artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_orbitofrontal_right", "name": "ACA orbitofrontal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA orbitofrontal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The orbitofrontal artery: arising proximally and coursing anteriorly in the interhemispheric fissure to supply the gyrus rectus, olfactory bulb, and inferior frontal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_frontopolar_right", "name": "ACA frontopolar right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA frontopolar right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The frontopolar artery: this arises just proximal to the genu of the corpus callosum to supply the frontal cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right", "name": "Callosomarginal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a3", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_right", "artery.anterior.middle_internal_frontal_right", "artery.anterior.posterior_internal_frontal_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "interhemispheric" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Callosomarginal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: interhemispheric.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The callosomarginal artery is the major branch of the A3 segment and runs parallel to the vessel inside the cingulate sulcus. It may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right). It gives off four arteries that supply the medial frontal lobe: the anterior, middle, and posterior internal frontal arteries, and the [paracentral artery](#structure-artery.anterior.paracentral_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_right", "name": "Anterior internal frontal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.aca_mca_frontal_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior internal frontal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior internal frontal artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.middle_internal_frontal_right", "name": "Middle internal frontal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle internal frontal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The middle internal frontal artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_internal_frontal_right", "name": "Posterior internal frontal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior internal frontal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior internal frontal artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.paracentral_right", "name": "Paracentral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a4", "children": [ "artery.connection.aca_mca_parietal_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical", "Pericallosal-origin paracentral variant" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Paracentral right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Selected valid pericallosal origin; not the callosomarginal-origin illustration.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The paracentral artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.precuneal_right", "name": "Precuneal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical", "Superior internal parietal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precuneal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Precuneal/superior internal parietal territory representative.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.inferior_internal_parietal_right", "name": "Inferior internal parietal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior internal parietal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Parietal branches of the A4 and A5 segments supply the medial parietal lobe. There may be distinct superior and inferior branches." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "name": "MCA M1 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.terminus", "children": [ "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_right", "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "artery.anterior.anterior_temporal_right", "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_1_right", "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_2_right", "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_3_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA M1 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Lateral terminal course rebuilt with a local bifurcation attachment. Geometry update v0.7.5: Lateral terminal course rebuilt with a local bifurcation attachment.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M1 segment runs horizontally from the termination of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) to the limen insulae (the anteroinferior insular and lateral limit of the anterior perforated substance), along the sphenoid wing." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_right", "name": "MCA superior division right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.mca_orbitofrontal_right", "artery.anterior.prefrontal_right", "artery.anterior.precentral_right", "artery.anterior.central_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "insular" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA superior division right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: insular. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 36.89748984689446, "startPointMm": [ 38.999999999999986, -38.000000000000014, 87.00000000000001 ], "endPointMm": [ 42.19871379995542, -55.5275794655886, 110.2613680937197 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Insular course, estimated limen/circular sulcus landmarks", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 36.89748984689446, "endArcMm": 52.58100786080475, "startPointMm": [ 42.19871379995542, -55.5275794655886, 110.2613680937197 ], "endPointMm": [ 43.99999999999999, -70.0, 116.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Opercular transition estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The artery usually divides into two trunks, although a single trunk, trifurcation, or quadrifurcation are all possible. Superior and inferior divisions are usually referred to. It is slightly more common for the inferior division to be dominant, covering the temporal and parietal lobes while the superior division tends to supply the frontal lobe. With superior dominance, its territory may extend to the angular gyrus and temporo-occipital regions.\n\nThe branches angulate superiorly and course in the Sylvian fissure lateral to the insular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "name": "MCA inferior division right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_right", "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_right", "artery.anterior.angular_right", "artery.anterior.temporo_occipital_right", "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_right", "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_right", "artery.amendment.polar_temporal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "insular" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA inferior division right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: insular. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 35.892220014995424, "startPointMm": [ 38.999999999999986, -38.000000000000014, 87.00000000000001 ], "endPointMm": [ 42.300160095929385, -70.213310268294, 98.50274524194168 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Insular course, estimated limen/circular sulcus landmarks", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 35.892220014995424, "endArcMm": 50.983474559461996, "startPointMm": [ 42.300160095929385, -70.213310268294, 98.50274524194168 ], "endPointMm": [ 45.0, -83.0, 106.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Opercular transition estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The artery usually divides into two trunks, although a single trunk, trifurcation, or quadrifurcation are all possible. Superior and inferior divisions are usually referred to. It is slightly more common for the inferior division to be dominant, covering the temporal and parietal lobes while the superior division tends to supply the frontal lobe. With superior dominance, its territory may extend to the angular gyrus and temporo-occipital regions.\n\nThe branches angulate superiorly and course in the Sylvian fissure lateral to the insular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_temporal_right", "name": "Anterior temporal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior temporal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior temporal artery: this usually arises inferiorly from the middle of the M1 and supplies the anterior third of the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_orbitofrontal_right", "name": "MCA orbitofrontal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA orbitofrontal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 10.667801280181958, "startPointMm": [ 40.07130701573759, -35.016843025672316, 92.80709038433771 ], "endPointMm": [ 44.90977019546502, -26.492111408071388, 92.17782242499253 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 10.667801280181958, "endArcMm": 42.99959246586733, "startPointMm": [ 44.90977019546502, -26.492111408071388, 92.17782242499253 ], "endPointMm": [ 37.85864235517451, 2.7284445244141926, 94.05951900834758 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The orbitofrontal artery is one of the frontal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_right", "name": "Prefrontal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.prefrontal_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Prefrontal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 12.863308474113147, "startPointMm": [ 38.0836845702313, -38.54165527356555, 101.69025997460135 ], "endPointMm": [ 46.5544931714643, -30.228258120524057, 106.4444525767238 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 12.863308474113147, "endArcMm": 51.453236783513965, "startPointMm": [ 46.5544931714643, -30.228258120524057, 106.4444525767238 ], "endPointMm": [ 36.67684138823187, -18.652422056475373, 132.92302586764492 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ] }, { "id": "artery.anterior.precentral_right", "name": "Precentral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.precentral_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.precentral_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precentral right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 16.014104761996418, "startPointMm": [ 41.00167708887373, -50.0125227780401, 107.9967752279968 ], "endPointMm": [ 51.79554552657363, -41.25543033565676, 114.91610040909823 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 16.014104761996418, "endArcMm": 64.37670567629976, "startPointMm": [ 51.79554552657363, -41.25543033565676, 114.91610040909823 ], "endPointMm": [ 36.65190164179215, -56.842907102946405, 150.4110710409503 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The precentral artery is one of the frontal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.central_right", "name": "Central right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.central_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.central_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 16.692496680865972, "startPointMm": [ 43.26293610096953, -62.01041516820703, 112.79165614363274 ], "endPointMm": [ 54.27328699777113, -53.432358623526135, 121.08921745048457 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 16.692496680865972, "endArcMm": 67.41200381846377, "startPointMm": [ 54.27328699777113, -53.432358623526135, 121.08921745048457 ], "endPointMm": [ 33.10129952228142, -75.36777830091052, 154.73148584092084 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The central artery is one of the frontal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_right", "name": "Anterior parietal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.anterior_parietal_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical", "Inferior-division anterior parietal variant" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior parietal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Selected valid inferior-division origin; division dominance is variable.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 18.933444490663764, "startPointMm": [ 42.81357668606089, -73.8955811671688, 100.39863225743176 ], "endPointMm": [ 58.45445692509198, -70.23163746803269, 109.5892593545488 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 18.933444490663764, "endArcMm": 75.4128726933416, "startPointMm": [ 58.45445692509198, -70.23163746803269, 109.5892593545488 ], "endPointMm": [ 42.43061916260485, -93.14397408869355, 149.53762240151815 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The anterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_right", "name": "Posterior parietal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.posterior_parietal_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior parietal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 17.32832852352303, "startPointMm": [ 44.78129066437022, -82.21458560488544, 105.48698695512617 ], "endPointMm": [ 56.89904072046208, -89.00940447337517, 115.73021892988253 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 17.32832852352303, "endArcMm": 68.99241960818611, "startPointMm": [ 56.89904072046208, -89.00940447337517, 115.73021892988253 ], "endPointMm": [ 35.34390978720921, -110.92452712203172, 147.2041155654833 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The posterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.angular_right", "name": "Angular right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.angular_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 16.063409348405198, "startPointMm": [ 44.70868640575051, -81.95255929788317, 105.3161948020855 ], "endPointMm": [ 54.584444775625016, -93.25857369955072, 106.69378049546428 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 16.063409348405198, "endArcMm": 64.8961740344873, "startPointMm": [ 54.584444775625016, -93.25857369955072, 106.69378049546428 ], "endPointMm": [ 41.5636026078488, -124.78838525580069, 131.72642863592097 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The angular artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.temporo_occipital_right", "name": "Temporo-occipital right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical", "Occipitotemporal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Temporo-occipital right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Selected temporo-occipital cortical pattern.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 18.566984586157446, "startPointMm": [ 42.36627720705292, -70.78683901897286, 98.78397015053409 ], "endPointMm": [ 52.162501815582296, -85.44653994927769, 93.00133013226196 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 18.566984586157446, "endArcMm": 73.62769758709777, "startPointMm": [ 52.162501815582296, -85.44653994927769, 93.00133013226196 ], "endPointMm": [ 46.002754700225054, -131.33700626696677, 106.16643710831458 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The temporo [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_right", "name": "Middle temporal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.middle_temporal_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 16.04847341530771, "startPointMm": [ 42.35266857522835, -55.38920342173407, 91.65426670764208 ], "endPointMm": [ 54.161984850618104, -50.0186083628784, 82.73640226744295 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 16.04847341530771, "endArcMm": 63.87292463276738, "startPointMm": [ 54.161984850618104, -50.0186083628784, 82.73640226744295 ], "endPointMm": [ 56.99999999999999, -91.0, 77.00000000000001 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The middle temporal artery is one of the temporal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_right", "name": "Posterior temporal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "artery.amendment.posterior_temporal_distal_ramus.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior temporal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 15.389348329982589, "startPointMm": [ 41.950408968472665, -66.1434963400594, 96.62760718831198 ], "endPointMm": [ 52.93687373035304, -71.00558282183778, 87.43848354416468 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 15.389348329982589, "endArcMm": 61.23678193038737, "startPointMm": [ 52.93687373035304, -71.00558282183778, 87.43848354416468 ], "endPointMm": [ 56.99999999999999, -110.0, 86.99999999999996 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The posterior temporal artery is one of the temporal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Prefrontal cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Prefrontal cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.precentral_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Precentral cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.precentral_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precentral cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe precentral artery is one of the frontal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.central_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Central cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.central_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe central artery is one of the frontal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Anterior parietal cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior parietal cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe anterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Posterior parietal cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior parietal cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Angular cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.angular_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.mca_pca_occipital_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe [angular artery](#structure-artery.anterior.angular_right) is one of the parieto-occipital branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Middle temporal cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe middle temporal artery is one of the temporal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "name": "Posterior temporal cortical branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.mca_pca_temporal_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior temporal cortical branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior temporal artery is one of the temporal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_1_right", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate 1 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_lenticulostriate_anterior_representative.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate 1 right" }, "notes": "Representative selected perforators; not a complete microvascular tree. Model compartment: perforating. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_2_right", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate 2 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate 2 right" }, "notes": "Representative selected perforators; not a complete microvascular tree. Model compartment: perforating. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_3_right", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate 3 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate 3 right" }, "notes": "Representative selected perforators; not a complete microvascular tree. Model compartment: perforating. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_right", "name": "Medial lenticulostriate right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_a1_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.medial_lenticulostriate_superior_representative.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial lenticulostriate right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: perforating.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Medial lenticulostriate arteries: superior branches supply the anterior basal ganglia, anterior commissure, and anterior limb of the internal capsule. Medial branches supply the anterior aspect of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, hypothalamus, and septum pellucidum. Inferior branches infiltrate the optic nerves and chiasm. They vary in size and number." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_left", "name": "Common carotid left", "parent": "artery", "children": [ "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "artery.carotid.external.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "CCA", "cervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Common carotid left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cervical.", "color": "#ee9274", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The left CCA arises just distal to the brachiocephalic artery from the aortic arch. It ascends posteriorly and laterally before bifurcating into its internal and external branches." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "name": "Internal carotid left", "parent": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cervical", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.paraophthalmic", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.posterior-communicating", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.anterior-choroidal", "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.terminus" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "ICA", "mixed" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "notes": "Seven NYU/Shapiro endovascular regions. Petrolingual and dural boundaries are estimates, not measured soft tissue.", "color": "#f0b078", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The ICA originates at the bifurcation of the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_left). This is usually at C4 but may be as low as T2.\n\nThe New York University segmental classification divides the ICA into cervical, petrosal, cavernous, paraophthalmic, communicating, choroidal, and terminal segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "name": "Ophthalmic left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.paraophthalmic", "children": [ "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "artery.anterior.central_retinal_left", "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_medial_left", "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_lateral_left", "artery.anterior.supraorbital_left", "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_left", "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_left", "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left", "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left", "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.left", "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_superior_muscular_branch.left", "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left", "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.left", "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ophthalmic left" }, "notes": "Common supraoptic crossing pattern; intradural ICA origin and optic-canal entry. Model compartment: orbital. Geometry update v0.7.0: Medial optic-canal region estimate; no continuous identifiable lumen in this atlas. Not certified as canal-contained. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Ophthalmic artery: originates anteriorly from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) and traverses the orbital canal initially inferolateral and then arching superomedially over the optic nerve, adopting an American Civil War bayonet shape at the origin of the [central artery of the retina](#structure-artery.anterior.central_retinal_left) and posterior choroidal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "name": "Lacrimal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left", "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lacrimal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: orbital.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lacrimal artery: laterally placed, supplies the lacrimal gland, eyelids, and conjunctiva. The recurrent meningeal branch courses through the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left) to connect with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left). Other anastomoses include branches of the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) and deep temporal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.central_retinal_left", "name": "Central retinal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central retinal left" }, "notes": "Representative course to the optic nerve/globe; no retinal microvascular tree. Model compartment: orbital. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The central retinal artery: this, the most important branch, arises within the [optic canal](#structure-landmark.optic-canal.left) and travels alongside the optic nerve to supply the retina. It is a terminal branch without anastomoses and occlusion may result in permanent and severe visual loss." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_medial_left", "name": "Posterior ciliary medial left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior ciliary medial left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: orbital.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior ciliary arteries arise from the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) just proximal to the [central retinal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.central_retinal_left). They are responsible for the choroidal blush." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_ciliary_lateral_left", "name": "Posterior ciliary lateral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior ciliary lateral left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: orbital.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior ciliary arteries arise from the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) just proximal to the [central retinal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.central_retinal_left). They are responsible for the choroidal blush." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.supraorbital_left", "name": "Supraorbital left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "scalp" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Supraorbital left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: scalp.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_left", "name": "Supratrochlear left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "scalp" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Supratrochlear left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: scalp.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supratrochlear artery: supplies the skin of the forehead/scalp, and underlying pericranium and frontalis." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_left", "name": "Dorsal nasal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "face" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Dorsal nasal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: face.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Dorsal nasal artery: supplies the lacrimal sac, face, and nose." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left", "name": "Anterior ethmoidal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "ethmoidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior ethmoidal left" }, "notes": "Medial orbital wall and anterior ethmoidal canal; fine canal not resolved in skull mesh. Model compartment: ethmoidal.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior ethmoidal artery distributes to the superior nasal septum and into the anterior meningeal branches (the artery of the falx cerebri). The ethmoidal arteries anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left", "name": "Posterior ethmoidal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic", "ethmoidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior ethmoidal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: ethmoidal.", "color": "#96d789", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior ethmoidal artery distributes to the posterosuperior nasal septum. The ethmoidal arteries anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_left", "name": "Superior hypophyseal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.paraophthalmic", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior hypophyseal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Superior hypophyseal arteries: these small vessels typically arise medially along the [paraophthalmic ICA segment](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.paraophthalmic) and supply the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and optic nerve and some may supply the hypothalamus. There are anastomoses with their contralateral counterparts and ipsilateral [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left", "name": "Posterior communicating left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.posterior-communicating", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pcom_perforator_left", "artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.left", "artery.amendment.anterior_thalamoperforating_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior communicating left" }, "notes": "Joins ICA to the PCA at the P1/P2 junction; adult configuration. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#f0b078", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The PCOM insertion defines the PCA P1-P2 segments. Embryonically, the PCOM represents the caudal division of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) (contrasting with the adult description of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) division into the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA)).\n\nA \u2018fetal type\u2019 PCOM, seen in approximately 25%, means the vessel is larger than the P1, or that it supplies most of the flow to the PCA territory. Complete absence of the PCOM is very rare; however, a very hypoplastic vessel may not be appreciated angiographically.\n\nBranches: the PCOM gives off numerous small perforators to the ventral thalamus. These may be present even if the vessel is hypoplastic.\n\nIn embryonic development the PCOM is the caudal division of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left). As the vertebrobasilar system develops and gives rise to the PCA, the PCOM regresses to a variable degree." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "name": "Anterior choroidal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.anterior-choroidal", "children": [ "artery.amendment.acha_optic_tract_branch.left", "artery.amendment.acha_capsular_branch.left", "artery.amendment.acha_peduncular_branch.left", "artery.amendment.acha_temporal_branch.left", "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left.landmark.plexal_entry_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior choroidal left" }, "notes": "Cisternal course and plexal entry approximated; choroid plexus not modelled. Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior choroidal artery supplies highly eloquent tissue. It is rarely absent. It usually arises posterolaterally from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), 2-4 mm distal to the origin of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left). It may uncommonly arise from the MCA, a joint origin with the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left), or the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left) itself. It may also be larger than the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left), and thus occasionally mistaken for this vessel.\n\nThe anterior choroidal artery runs posteriorly beneath the optic tract and then around the cerebral peduncle in the carotid, crural, and ambient cisterns before again crossing the optic tract from medial to lateral at the level of the lateral geniculate body. It then enters the choroidal fissure and terminates in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. Occasionally, it may sweep around the pulvinar to reach the foramen of Monro. It anastomoses with the posterior choroidal artery via its intraventricular terminal branches and also with the middle and posterior cerebral arteries.\n\nThe crucial branches are cisternal. They supply the optic tract, cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tracts, red nucleus, subthalamus), the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the optic radiation, the lateral geniculate body, proximal optic radiations, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the uncus, dentate gyrus, piriform cortex, globus pallidus, and the ventral thalamic nuclei. Although a small artery, its occlusion may cause significant neurological deficit, including contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral hemisensory loss, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, hemineglect, and aphasia." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left", "name": "Meningohypophyseal trunk left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous", "children": [ "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_left", "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_left", "artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_left", "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Meningohypophyseal trunk left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cavernous. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT): this projects posteriorly and laterally from the proximal [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous) to supply the posterior pituitary, clivus, CNs III-VI, the trigeminal ganglion, the tentorium cerebelli, and other adjacent dura mater. It may exist as a single trunk or as multiple branches directly from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) (or, indeed, the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left))." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_left", "name": "Tentorial marginal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "tentorial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Tentorial marginal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: tentorial. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The marginal tentorial artery of Bernasconi and Cassinari is a dural vessel that traverses the medial, free, edge of the tentorial leaf towards the torcular." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_left", "name": "Dorsal meningeal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "clival" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Dorsal meningeal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: clival. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_left", "name": "Inferior hypophyseal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior hypophyseal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cavernous. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior inferior hypophyseal artery: anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and supplies the posterior (and sometimes part of the anterior) lobe of the pituitary. It gives off an inferior clival artery that anastomoses with clival branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left). The posterior inferior hypophyseal and medial clival arteries are remnants of the primitive [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) which can persist and enlarge in agenesis of the [cervical ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cervical), so reconstituting the intracranial carotid circulation." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left", "name": "Inferolateral trunk left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous", "children": [ "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_left", "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_left", "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferolateral trunk left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cavernous. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Inferolateral trunk (ILT): originates on the lateral part of the mid-horizontal [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous) and is directed inferiorly. It is an important vascular network connecting the middle meningeal, [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left), internal carotid, ophthalmic, and [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_left", "name": "ILT anteromedial ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous", "ILT anterior branch", "ILT anteromedial ramus" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT anterior branch left" }, "notes": "Named ILT ramus in the selected configuration; regional trajectory, not nerve segmentation.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anteromedial ramus is directed towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left), supplying CNs III, IV, V1, and the abducens nerve (CN VI), and forming an anastomosis with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) as the [deep recurrent ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_left", "name": "ILT posterior division (posterolateral continuation) left", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cavernous", "ILT posterior branch", "ILT posterior division (posterolateral continuation)" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT posterior branch left" }, "notes": "Named ILT ramus in the selected configuration; regional trajectory, not nerve segmentation.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterolateral branch supplies the trigeminal ganglion and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) at the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left", "name": "Caroticotympanic left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "tympanic" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Caroticotympanic left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: tympanic. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Caroticotympanic: this small branch (the vestigial remnant of the hyoid artery) enters the middle ear cavity and anastomoses with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), the [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) and [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left) arteries, and a branch of the [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left). It forms the cranial part of the \u2018aberrant [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left)\u2019." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left", "name": "Vidian ICA contribution left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "vidian" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vidian ICA contribution left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: vidian. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Mandibulovidian artery: this artery has vidian and mandibular branches, both of which may arise separately from the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left).\n\nThe vidian branch, horizontally orientated, passes anteriorly through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) and then into the pterygopalatine fossa to meet its counterpart [vidian branch of the IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left). The branch is not always visible angiographically but may enlarge in certain situations, e.g., when supplying a juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_a1_left", "name": "ACA A1 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cisternal", "A1 pre-communicating ACA left", "Anterior cerebral artery A1 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A1 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The A1 segment is directed forwards and medially above the optic nerve and chiasm towards the anterior interhemispheric fissure.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_left" }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "name": "ACA pericallosal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a2", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a3", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a4", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "ACA", "interhemispheric" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "notes": "A2 ascending, A3 genu, A4-A5 pericallosal course. Callosal relations estimated from atlas. Model compartment: interhemispheric.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "startPointMm": [ -2.3, -25.885714285714286, 83.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "endArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "startPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "endArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "startPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "endPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "startPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0000000000000004, -97.37142857142855, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A2 segment arises distal to the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating) and extends to the junction of the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum.\n\nThe A3 segment extends around the genu of the corpus callosum.\n\nSegments inclusive of and distal to the A3 are generally called the pericallosal artery, although sometimes the A2 segment is also referred to as such. Small perforating branches supply the corpus callosum and the callosal arteries, and these traverse the corpus callosum to supply the septum, anterior pillars of the fornix, and anterior commissure. Distally, there are anastomoses with the [posterior pericallosal branch of the PCA](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left) via perisplenial branches.\n\nThe A4 segment originates at the body of the corpus callosum and the A5 segment is the continuation of the vessel posterior to the coronal suture.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_left" }, { "id": "artery.anterior.recurrent_artery_of_heubner_left", "name": "Recurrent artery of Heubner left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Recurrent artery of Heubner left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: perforating.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The recurrent artery of Heubner: the largest laterally projecting perforating branch arising from the A1 or proximal A2 segment, travelling above the A1 and M1 segments, supplies the anterior hypothalamus, anteroinferior caudate head, anterior lentiform nucleus, and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. It is optimally demonstrated angiographically by a contralateral carotid injection. It is in haemodynamic balance with the [medial lenticulostriates](#structure-artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_orbitofrontal_left", "name": "ACA orbitofrontal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA orbitofrontal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The orbitofrontal artery: arising proximally and coursing anteriorly in the interhemispheric fissure to supply the gyrus rectus, olfactory bulb, and inferior frontal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_frontopolar_left", "name": "ACA frontopolar left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA frontopolar left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The frontopolar artery: this arises just proximal to the genu of the corpus callosum to supply the frontal cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left", "name": "Callosomarginal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a3", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_left", "artery.anterior.middle_internal_frontal_left", "artery.anterior.posterior_internal_frontal_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "interhemispheric" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Callosomarginal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: interhemispheric.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The callosomarginal artery is the major branch of the A3 segment and runs parallel to the vessel inside the cingulate sulcus. It may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left). It gives off four arteries that supply the medial frontal lobe: the anterior, middle, and posterior internal frontal arteries, and the [paracentral artery](#structure-artery.anterior.paracentral_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_left", "name": "Anterior internal frontal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.aca_mca_frontal_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior internal frontal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior internal frontal artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.middle_internal_frontal_left", "name": "Middle internal frontal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle internal frontal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The middle internal frontal artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_internal_frontal_left", "name": "Posterior internal frontal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior internal frontal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior internal frontal artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.paracentral_left", "name": "Paracentral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a4", "children": [ "artery.connection.aca_mca_parietal_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical", "Pericallosal-origin paracentral variant" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Paracentral left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Selected valid pericallosal origin; not the callosomarginal-origin illustration.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The paracentral artery is one of four branches of the [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) supplying the medial frontal lobe. The [callosomarginal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left) may be absent, with its branches arising directly from the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.precuneal_left", "name": "Precuneal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical", "Superior internal parietal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precuneal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Precuneal/superior internal parietal territory representative.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.inferior_internal_parietal_left", "name": "Inferior internal parietal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior internal parietal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Parietal branches of the A4 and A5 segments supply the medial parietal lobe. There may be distinct superior and inferior branches." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "name": "MCA M1 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.terminus", "children": [ "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_left", "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "artery.anterior.anterior_temporal_left", "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_1_left", "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_2_left", "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_3_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA M1 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Lateral terminal course rebuilt with a local bifurcation attachment. Geometry update v0.7.5: Lateral terminal course rebuilt with a local bifurcation attachment.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M1 segment runs horizontally from the termination of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) to the limen insulae (the anteroinferior insular and lateral limit of the anterior perforated substance), along the sphenoid wing." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_left", "name": "MCA superior division left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.mca_orbitofrontal_left", "artery.anterior.prefrontal_left", "artery.anterior.precentral_left", "artery.anterior.central_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "insular" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA superior division left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: insular. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 36.809409525209254, "startPointMm": [ -39.00000000000001, -37.79999999999999, 87.00000000000001 ], "endPointMm": [ -42.215116403928384, -54.74175178465532, 110.29206461819908 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Insular course, estimated limen/circular sulcus landmarks", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 36.809409525209254, "endArcMm": 52.25560579730009, "startPointMm": [ -42.215116403928384, -54.74175178465532, 110.29206461819908 ], "endPointMm": [ -44.0, -68.97142857142858, 115.99999999999997 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Opercular transition estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The artery usually divides into two trunks, although a single trunk, trifurcation, or quadrifurcation are all possible. Superior and inferior divisions are usually referred to. It is slightly more common for the inferior division to be dominant, covering the temporal and parietal lobes while the superior division tends to supply the frontal lobe. With superior dominance, its territory may extend to the angular gyrus and temporo-occipital regions.\n\nThe branches angulate superiorly and course in the Sylvian fissure lateral to the insular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "name": "MCA inferior division left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_left", "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_left", "artery.anterior.angular_left", "artery.anterior.temporo_occipital_left", "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_left", "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_left", "artery.amendment.polar_temporal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "insular" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA inferior division left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: insular. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 35.52627704753362, "startPointMm": [ -39.00000000000001, -37.79999999999999, 87.00000000000001 ], "endPointMm": [ -42.28706951825779, -69.56560798687299, 98.44426699308549 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Insular course, estimated limen/circular sulcus landmarks", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 35.52627704753362, "endArcMm": 50.570049654362855, "startPointMm": [ -42.28706951825779, -69.56560798687299, 98.44426699308549 ], "endPointMm": [ -44.99999999999999, -82.25714285714287, 106.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Opercular transition estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The artery usually divides into two trunks, although a single trunk, trifurcation, or quadrifurcation are all possible. Superior and inferior divisions are usually referred to. It is slightly more common for the inferior division to be dominant, covering the temporal and parietal lobes while the superior division tends to supply the frontal lobe. With superior dominance, its territory may extend to the angular gyrus and temporo-occipital regions.\n\nThe branches angulate superiorly and course in the Sylvian fissure lateral to the insular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_temporal_left", "name": "Anterior temporal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior temporal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior temporal artery: this usually arises inferiorly from the middle of the M1 and supplies the anterior third of the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.mca_orbitofrontal_left", "name": "MCA orbitofrontal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MCA orbitofrontal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 10.734476871141792, "startPointMm": [ -40.028837187392185, -34.60896214048537, 92.74430606774023 ], "endPointMm": [ -44.72521264528166, -26.75791317674941, 92.1224624784127 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 10.734476871141792, "endArcMm": 43.609689252704406, "startPointMm": [ -44.72521264528166, -26.75791317674941, 92.1224624784127 ], "endPointMm": [ -37.58914616039279, 2.606403372969207, 94.17299109036094 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The orbitofrontal artery is one of the frontal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_left", "name": "Prefrontal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.prefrontal_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Prefrontal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 12.519795205570182, "startPointMm": [ -38.10427163199637, -37.99259572245107, 101.74359304129145 ], "endPointMm": [ -46.216506659813504, -29.694051104546755, 106.24575041519323 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 12.519795205570182, "endArcMm": 50.40020400254473, "startPointMm": [ -46.216506659813504, -29.694051104546755, 106.24575041519323 ], "endPointMm": [ -35.78605714612724, -18.49363917896686, 132.36628571632954 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ] }, { "id": "artery.anterior.precentral_left", "name": "Precentral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.precentral_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.precentral_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precentral left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 15.739007751957354, "startPointMm": [ -41.00050167159899, -49.207979668537504, 107.99462168801779 ], "endPointMm": [ -51.57305803628642, -40.36182000215165, 114.62863293318068 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 15.739007751957354, "endArcMm": 62.9560374487578, "startPointMm": [ -51.57305803628642, -40.36182000215165, 114.62863293318068 ], "endPointMm": [ -35.85443183920337, -55.29048950186528, 149.53180946373706 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The precentral artery is one of the frontal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.central_left", "name": "Central left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_superior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.central_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.central_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 16.34158202917671, "startPointMm": [ -43.284340392150014, -61.24925759811346, 112.86213227152096 ], "endPointMm": [ -53.167435409246345, -52.70866775202693, 121.18337297185435 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 16.34158202917671, "endArcMm": 65.36631989971828, "startPointMm": [ -53.167435409246345, -52.70866775202693, 121.18337297185435 ], "endPointMm": [ -32.52461195368557, -73.51617426526332, 153.95217831579134 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The central artery is one of the frontal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_left", "name": "Anterior parietal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.anterior_parietal_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical", "Inferior-division anterior parietal variant" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior parietal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Selected valid inferior-division origin; division dominance is variable.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 18.293277455918947, "startPointMm": [ -42.79911059116456, -73.22725951838326, 100.35149415571546 ], "endPointMm": [ -57.914508595723, -69.60083009768279, 109.1529127739738 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 18.293277455918947, "endArcMm": 73.49404559611794, "startPointMm": [ -57.914508595723, -69.60083009768279, 109.1529127739738 ], "endPointMm": [ -41.997243329869, -90.9986216649345, 149.1337949210143 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The anterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_left", "name": "Posterior parietal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.posterior_parietal_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior parietal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 17.031943307175073, "startPointMm": [ -44.77929342498692, -81.47914917401953, 105.48223883371263 ], "endPointMm": [ -56.7635346059761, -87.9248680502479, 115.61152772341718 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 17.031943307175073, "endArcMm": 67.80641638432074, "startPointMm": [ -56.7635346059761, -87.9248680502479, 115.61152772341718 ], "endPointMm": [ -35.44088323680268, -109.17150252488717, 147.3061928808449 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The posterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.angular_left", "name": "Angular left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.angular_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 16.01175876187935, "startPointMm": [ -44.706025843852025, -81.21959015097244, 105.3098661176856 ], "endPointMm": [ -54.542557742404654, -92.46772898518661, 106.67303431255674 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 16.01175876187935, "endArcMm": 63.72680048022747, "startPointMm": [ -54.542557742404654, -92.46772898518661, 106.67303431255674 ], "endPointMm": [ -41.601682623378984, -123.4068354197534, 131.74633409858447 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The angular artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.temporo_occipital_left", "name": "Temporo-occipital left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical", "Occipitotemporal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Temporo-occipital left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical. Selected temporo-occipital cortical pattern.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 18.265594069979368, "startPointMm": [ -42.35282609427415, -70.13616093700527, 98.72701865000388 ], "endPointMm": [ -51.882146471463955, -84.67818519221802, 93.17097855898062 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 18.265594069979368, "endArcMm": 72.74192748686394, "startPointMm": [ -51.882146471463955, -84.67818519221802, 93.17097855898062 ], "endPointMm": [ -45.75138514102645, -130.29378970370988, 106.18738457158112 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The temporo [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) is one of the parieto-occipital branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_left", "name": "Middle temporal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.middle_temporal_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 15.438207038440106, "startPointMm": [ -42.3869016498773, -54.829775086860565, 91.53417135781156 ], "endPointMm": [ -53.83405265515274, -50.11566842940639, 82.88131515725301 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 15.438207038440106, "endArcMm": 62.07445744308598, "startPointMm": [ -53.83405265515274, -50.11566842940639, 82.88131515725301 ], "endPointMm": [ -57.00000000000001, -91.0, 77.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The middle temporal artery is one of the temporal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_left", "name": "Posterior temporal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "artery.amendment.posterior_temporal_distal_ramus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior temporal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 15.104499941643342, "startPointMm": [ -41.959304238743144, -65.80741928252408, 96.68968606499193 ], "endPointMm": [ -52.6680393013634, -70.57541862438373, 87.55657413882462 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 15.104499941643342, "endArcMm": 60.41799984345032, "startPointMm": [ -52.6680393013634, -70.57541862438373, 87.55657413882462 ], "endPointMm": [ -56.91903968075959, -109.7434698121795, 87.03266819899173 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The posterior temporal artery is one of the temporal branches of the MCA. The cortical branches are named after the regions they supply.\n\nThe M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Prefrontal cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Prefrontal cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.precentral_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Precentral cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.precentral_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precentral cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe precentral artery is one of the frontal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.central_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Central cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.central_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe central artery is one of the frontal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Anterior parietal cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior parietal cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe anterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Posterior parietal cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior parietal cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior parietal artery is one of the parieto-occipital branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Angular cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.angular_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.mca_pca_occipital_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe [angular artery](#structure-artery.anterior.angular_left) is one of the parieto-occipital branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Middle temporal cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe middle temporal artery is one of the temporal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "name": "Posterior temporal cortical branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.mca_pca_temporal_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MCA", "cortical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior temporal cortical branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#65c8df", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior temporal artery is one of the temporal branches, named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_1_left", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate 1 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_lenticulostriate_anterior_representative.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate 1 left" }, "notes": "Representative selected perforators; not a complete microvascular tree. Model compartment: perforating. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_2_left", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate 2 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate 2 left" }, "notes": "Representative selected perforators; not a complete microvascular tree. Model compartment: perforating. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_3_left", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate 3 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate 3 left" }, "notes": "Representative selected perforators; not a complete microvascular tree. Model compartment: perforating. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_left", "name": "Medial lenticulostriate left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_a1_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.medial_lenticulostriate_superior_representative.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "perforating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial lenticulostriate left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: perforating.", "color": "#c5b0eb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Medial lenticulostriate arteries: superior branches supply the anterior basal ganglia, anterior commissure, and anterior limb of the internal capsule. Medial branches supply the anterior aspect of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, hypothalamus, and septum pellucidum. Inferior branches infiltrate the optic nerves and chiasm. They vary in size and number." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "name": "Anterior communicating", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_a1_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.subcallosal_artery.midline", "artery.amendment.acom_hypothalamic_perforator.right", "artery.amendment.acom_hypothalamic_perforator.left", "artery.amendment.acom_septal_perforator.right", "artery.amendment.acom_septal_perforator.left", "artery.amendment.acom_chiasmatic_perforator.right", "artery.amendment.acom_chiasmatic_perforator.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA", "cisternal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior communicating" }, "notes": "Single short ACom in the represented variant. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The ACOM varies in size and multiplicity and joins the A1 segments across the midline in the chiasmatic cistern above the optic chiasm. Usually, multiple small perforating branches arise from it supplying the septum pellucidum, corpus callosum, lamina terminalis, optic chiasm, and hypothalamus. The [subcallosal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.subcallosal_artery.midline), which supplies the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum, is usually the largest single such branch." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "name": "Vertebral right", "parent": "artery", "children": [ "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v1", "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v2", "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v3", "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "Vertebral", "mixed", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "notes": "Truncated V1; estimated foraminal V2 course; V3 upper cervical and atlas loop; V4 ascending cranial course. V2/V3 and V3/V4 boundaries corrected to the supplied annotated diagram. Boundary levels follow the user annotation. Retained VA centreline and calibre; local ASA-facing wall resampled with its relocated welded root. Dura is not registered.", "color": "#eda97d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The vertebral artery can be divided into four segments." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "name": "Vertebral left", "parent": "artery", "children": [ "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v1", "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v2", "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v3", "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v4" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "Vertebral", "mixed", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "notes": "Truncated V1; estimated foraminal V2 course; V3 upper cervical and atlas loop; V4 ascending cranial course. V2/V3 and V3/V4 boundaries corrected to the supplied annotated diagram. Boundary levels follow the user annotation. Retained VA centreline and calibre; local ASA-facing wall resampled with its relocated welded root. Dura is not registered.", "color": "#eda97d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The vertebral artery can be divided into four segments." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.basilar", "name": "Basilar", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "artery.posterior.sca_right", "artery.posterior.aica_right", "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_1_right", "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_2_right", "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_3_right", "artery.posterior.pontine_circumferential_right", "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "artery.posterior.sca_left", "artery.posterior.aica_left", "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_1_left", "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_2_left", "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_3_left", "artery.posterior.pontine_circumferential_left", "artery.amendment.pontine_short_circumflex.right", "artery.amendment.pontine_short_circumflex.left", "artery.amendment.pontine_long_circumflex.right", "artery.amendment.pontine_long_circumflex.left", "artery.amendment.pontine_median_perforator.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Basilar", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Basilar" }, "notes": "Mild curvature along the estimated ventral pons. Both vertebral arteries join the proximal endpoint. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#f2c477", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The basilar artery arises at the pontomedullary junction. It runs over the surface of the pons and divides into the PCAs approximately at the level of the superior surface of the dorsum sella." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "name": "PCA P1 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_1_right", "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_2_right", "artery.amendment.pca_short_circumflex.right", "artery.amendment.pca_long_circumflex.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA P1 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Originating at the basilar bifurcation, the P1 segment runs within the interpeduncular cistern and terminates at the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right) insertion." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "name": "PCA P2-P3 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_right", "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_right", "artery.posterior.pca_anterior_inferior_temporal_right", "artery.posterior.pca_middle_inferior_temporal_right", "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_right", "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right", "artery.posterior.pca_hippocampal_right", "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right", "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right", "artery.posterior.thalamogeniculate_right", "artery.posterior.peduncular_perforator_right", "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA P2-P3 right" }, "notes": "Adult configuration; P2 around cerebral peduncle, P3 to the quadrigeminal cistern. Segment landmarks are estimated. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 44.80789144915707, "startPointMm": [ 10.000000000000002, -57.0, 78.00000000000001 ], "endPointMm": [ 20.66503476418131, -92.73048682283759, 84.25649074232454 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Crural/ambient cisternal course to quadrigeminal transition estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "P3", "startArcMm": 44.80789144915707, "endArcMm": 62.24988857032606, "startPointMm": [ 20.66503476418131, -92.73048682283759, 84.25649074232454 ], "endPointMm": [ 12.0, -106.0, 90.99999999999999 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Quadrigeminal region to cortical branching", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "P2 courses around the midbrain, under the thalamus, running in the crural and ambient cisterns. Branches supply the thalamus, cerebral peduncle, and quadrigeminal plate.\n\nThe P3 segment runs posteromedially in the quadrigeminal cistern." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_right", "name": "PCA calcarine right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.calcarine_superior_cortical_right", "artery.posterior.calcarine_inferior_cortical_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA calcarine right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 44.78944043793367, "startPointMm": [ 12.0, -106.0, 90.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ 7.999999999999997, -146.00000000000003, 107.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "Calcarine: this runs initially inferior and lateral to the [parieto-occipital artery](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_right) within the calcarine fissure to supply the visual cortex, cuneus, and lingual gyrus. It occasionally originates from the parieto-occipital or posterior temporal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_right", "name": "PCA parieto-occipital right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.parieto_occipital_cuneal_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA parieto-occipital right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 58.278586126718, "startPointMm": [ 12.0, -106.0, 90.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ 24.386482257678534, -130.47847599904281, 136.33740083829284 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "Parieto-occipital: usually the largest of the terminal branches, it runs initially superior and medial to the [calcarine artery](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_right) in the parieto-occipital fissure. The artery supplies the cuneus, precuneus, and superior occipital gyrus of the occipital lobe. It may also give branches to the precentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and an accessory calcarine branch to the visual cortex." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_anterior_inferior_temporal_right", "name": "PCA anterior inferior temporal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA anterior inferior temporal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 48.19903826200105, "startPointMm": [ 19.695270360270012, -65.50310926753198, 75.14163324211867 ], "endPointMm": [ 49.0, -95.0, 65.00000000000001 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The anterior temporal artery is a cortical branch of the PCA supplying the corresponding part of the temporal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_middle_inferior_temporal_right", "name": "PCA middle inferior temporal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA middle inferior temporal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 51.678787215026645, "startPointMm": [ 24.995168388638874, -81.07876166561194, 78.03080545282874 ], "endPointMm": [ 46.0, -119.0, 74.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The middle temporal artery is a cortical branch of the PCA supplying the corresponding part of the temporal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_right", "name": "PCA posterior inferior temporal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_lateral_occipital_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA posterior inferior temporal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 55.64333950210446, "startPointMm": [ 19.79463465972451, -93.6995698961883, 85.00746744467271 ], "endPointMm": [ 39.0, -137.0, 88.99999999999999 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The posterior temporal artery is a cortical branch of the PCA supplying the corresponding part of the temporal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.calcarine_superior_cortical_right", "name": "Calcarine superior cortical right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Calcarine superior cortical right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.calcarine_inferior_cortical_right", "name": "Calcarine inferior cortical right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Calcarine inferior cortical right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.parieto_occipital_cuneal_right", "name": "Parieto-occipital cuneal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Parieto-occipital cuneal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_lateral_occipital_right", "name": "PCA lateral occipital right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA lateral occipital right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right", "name": "PCA splenial right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "interhemispheric", "posterior circulation", "Posterior pericallosal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA splenial right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: interhemispheric. PCA splenial/posterior pericallosal branch.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior pericallosal (or splenial) branches: these small vessels originate from the P3 segment, parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior temporal arteries. They can form a common trunk with the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) or can anastomose with the latter via a recurrent branch to the fornix. They are directed posteriorly initially and then turn abruptly anterosuperiorly to reach the corpus callosum. They anastomose with the terminal branches of the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_hippocampal_right", "name": "PCA hippocampal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA hippocampal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Hippocampal: supplying the hippocampus." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right", "name": "Medial posterior choroidal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right.landmark.third_ventricular_entry_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial posterior choroidal right" }, "notes": "Representative course; choroid plexus and ventricular walls not registered. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Medial posterior choroidal artery: this vessel usually arises from the medial P2 segment but may arise from the parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior pericallosal (splenial) branches. It runs medially and supplies the adjacent tectum, pineal gland, habenula and medial geniculate body, and posterior thalamus. It then enters the roof of the third ventricle within the velum interpositum (the small membrane just above and anterior to the pineal gland) to supply the choroid plexus. As it arches over the quadrigeminal plate, it adopts a characteristic \u20183\u2019 shape on a lateral angiographic projection. It runs inferior to the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right). Terminal branches anastomose with the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right) at the foramen of Monro." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right", "name": "Lateral posterior choroidal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right.landmark.lateral_ventricular_entry_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral posterior choroidal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral posterior choroidal artery: this artery usually arises distal to the [medial posterior choroidal](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) but can arise from hippocampal, temporal, and parieto-occipital arteries. It runs superoanterior in the ambient cistern, sending branches to the cerebral peduncle, pineal gland, splenium of the corpus callosum, posterior commissure, tail of the caudate nucleus, lateral geniculate body, and dorsomedial and pulvinar of the thalamus. It then enters the choroidal fissure and lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_1_right", "name": "Thalamoperforator 1 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Thalamoperforator 1 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior thalamoperforators (up to eight): these enter the posterior perforated substance, the interpeduncular cistern, and medial cerebral peduncles, and supply the posterior part of the thalamus, posterior part of the optic chiasm and tracts, posterior limb of the internal capsule, hypothalamus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, rostral mesencephalon, and cerebral peduncles. The peduncular supply includes the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_2_right", "name": "Thalamoperforator 2 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Thalamoperforator 2 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior thalamoperforators (up to eight): these enter the posterior perforated substance, the interpeduncular cistern, and medial cerebral peduncles, and supply the posterior part of the thalamus, posterior part of the optic chiasm and tracts, posterior limb of the internal capsule, hypothalamus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, rostral mesencephalon, and cerebral peduncles. The peduncular supply includes the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.thalamogeniculate_right", "name": "Thalamogeniculate right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Thalamogeniculate right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Thalamogeniculate perforators (up to 12): these supply the optic tract, medial and lateral geniculate bodies, the lateral and inferior thalamus, and the posterior internal capsule." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.peduncular_perforator_right", "name": "Peduncular perforator right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Peduncular perforator right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Peduncular perforating branches: perforators arise from the P1 or P2 segment to supply the cerebral peduncles." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pcom_perforator_right", "name": "PCom perforator right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCom perforator right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior thalamoperforators of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right) arise from the superolateral aspect and a particularly prominent one is the [tuberothalamic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.right), which supplies the anterior thalamus, reticular nucleus, and mammillothalamic tract. The anterior thalamoperforating group also supply the posterior optic chiasm, proximal optic radiations, posterior hypothalamus, and cerebral peduncle. They anastomose with choroidal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "name": "SCA right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [ "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_right", "artery.posterior.sca_medial_hemispheric_right", "artery.posterior.sca_lateral_hemispheric_right", "artery.amendment.sca_proximal_perforator.right", "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.right", "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA right" }, "notes": "Single SCA origin below PCA; no duplication in this represented variant. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The SCA arises near the termination of the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) and initially runs parallel and inferior to the PCA, separated by the oculomotor nerve. It deviates laterally in the ambient cistern, running over the middle cerebellar peduncle under the trochlear nerve, before continuing into the quadrigeminal cistern and veering towards the midline.\n\nIt supplies the lower midbrain, upper pons, superior vermis, and superior cerebellar hemispheres.\n\nThe artery may share a common origin with the PCA or arise from the [P1 segment](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_p1_right), more common in caudal fusion types. It may be duplicated (in up to 28%), and this will correspond to separate origins of the medial and lateral divisions." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_right", "name": "SCA vermian right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA vermian right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Superior vermian branch: the terminal branch supplying the vermis and anastomosing with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) and [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_medial_hemispheric_right", "name": "SCA medial hemispheric right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.sca_rostral_hemispheric_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA medial hemispheric right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The medial (rostral) division of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) subdivides at the lateral pontomesencephalic level. A lateral branch supplies the superomedial cerebellar hemisphere and superior vermis." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_lateral_hemispheric_right", "name": "SCA lateral hemispheric right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA lateral hemispheric right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral (caudal marginal) division: this is usually the larger division and supplies the deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the dentate nucleus, and the superolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_rostral_hemispheric_right", "name": "SCA rostral hemispheric right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_medial_hemispheric_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA rostral hemispheric right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The medial (rostral) division of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) subdivides at the lateral pontomesencephalic level. A lateral branch supplies the superomedial cerebellar hemisphere and superior vermis." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_right", "name": "SCA caudal hemispheric right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_lateral_hemispheric_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA caudal hemispheric right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral (caudal marginal) division: this is usually the larger division and supplies the deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the dentate nucleus, and the superolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.aica_right", "name": "AICA right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [ "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right", "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_right", "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_right", "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA right" }, "notes": "Representative cisternal meatal loop; exact internal acoustic canal and VII/VIII relations unverified. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The AICA arises from the lower or mid-third of the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) and runs over the anterolateral surface of the pons. It supplies the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles, the inferior flocculus, the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle, and the cerebellar hemisphere.\n\nIt may be duplicated or arise from a common trunk with the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) (AICA-PICA trunk).\n\nThere are anastomoses with branches of the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right", "name": "Labyrinthine right", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.common_cochlear.right", "artery.amendment.anterior_vestibular.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "meatal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Labyrinthine right" }, "notes": "Small canal-directed branch; no labyrinth mesh. Model compartment: meatal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery arises from the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) or, less commonly, directly from the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar). It divides into cochlear and anterior vestibular branches which are the main supply of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. The internal auditory artery also supplies the facial nerve in the internal auditory canal." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_right", "name": "AICA rostral branch right", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.aica_fourth_ventricular_choroidal.right", "artery.connection.aica_sca_pial_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA rostral branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_right", "name": "AICA caudal branch right", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA caudal branch right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "name": "PICA right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_right", "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_right", "artery.posterior.pica_tonsillar_right", "artery.posterior.pica_choroidal_right", "artery.posterior.pica_medullary_perforator_right", "artery.posterior.pica_right.landmark.telovelotonsillar_loop_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA right" }, "notes": "Anterior/lateral medullary course, caudal tonsillomedullary loop, cranial telovelotonsillar loop. Tonsils and medulla are not registered. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "Anterior medullary", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 12.915803742497078, "startPointMm": [ 10.000667425782991, -88.90759948843986, 33.101270209731894 ], "endPointMm": [ 16.77410680480015, -94.81057679497512, 41.71642705565973 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Anterior medullary region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Lateral medullary", "startArcMm": 12.915803742497078, "endArcMm": 25.831607582335913, "startPointMm": [ 16.77410680480015, -94.81057679497512, 41.71642705565973 ], "endPointMm": [ 20.27738339918551, -103.41073757399519, 34.74427776115599 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Lateral medullary region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Tonsillomedullary", "startArcMm": 25.831607582335913, "endArcMm": 38.74741144787106, "startPointMm": [ 20.27738339918551, -103.41073757399519, 34.74427776115599 ], "endPointMm": [ 12.502976694450638, -111.72316363362542, 35.46173546985924 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Tonsillar/caudal loop estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Telovelotonsillar", "startArcMm": 38.74741144787106, "endArcMm": 51.663215078508486, "startPointMm": [ 12.502976694450638, -111.72316363362542, 35.46173546985924 ], "endPointMm": [ 8.804376816374516, -110.04429938192678, 47.298534284551884 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cranial loop and ventricular roof estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Cortical", "startArcMm": 51.663215078508486, "endArcMm": 64.57901871300732, "startPointMm": [ 8.804376816374516, -110.04429938192678, 47.298534284551884 ], "endPointMm": [ 14.0, -115.00000000000001, 57.00000000000001 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Distal cortical territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The artery most commonly originates from the intradural [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right), however, its origin is variable. It may arise from the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar), a joint AICA-PICA trunk, the extradural [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) as low as C2, or the ascending cervical, occipital, and [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) arteries, or as a remnant of the trigeminal artery.\n\nIt may be duplicated or unilaterally or bilaterally absent, in which case its territory is served by another artery, usually the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right).\n\nIt supplies the lower medulla, tonsils, vermis, and inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere.\n\nThe artery can be anatomically segmented into the following: anterior medullary (anterior to the apex of the inferior olive), lateral medullary (extends from the inferior olive), tonsillomedullary, telovelotonsillar, and cortical.\n\nThe first three segments emit perforators to the lateral medulla and anterior and lateral spinal arteries. The perforators may anastomose with those from the vertebral and [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar).\n\nIn addition to pial vessels, the posterior meningeal artery may arise from the PICA." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_right", "name": "PICA vermian right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.pica_sca_vermian_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA vermian right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) supplies the vermis. Vermian branches may occasionally cross the midline and establish a bilateral supply." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_right", "name": "PICA hemispheric right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pica_lateral_hemispheric_right", "artery.connection.pica_aica_pial_border_zone.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA hemispheric right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) supplies the inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_lateral_hemispheric_right", "name": "PICA lateral hemispheric right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA lateral hemispheric right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) supplies the inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_tonsillar_right", "name": "PICA tonsillar right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA tonsillar right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) supplies the cerebellar tonsils." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_choroidal_right", "name": "PICA choroidal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA choroidal right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_medullary_perforator_right", "name": "PICA medullary perforator right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA medullary perforator right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The first three [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) segments emit perforators to the lateral medulla and anterior and lateral spinal arteries. The perforators may anastomose with those from the vertebral and [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal_root_right", "name": "Anterior spinal root right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4", "children": [ "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Spinal", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior spinal root right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Origin moved to the red-marked V4 level; welded VA collar and central ASA confluence retained.", "color": "#e2b0cc", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "[Anterior spinal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.anterior_spinal) ([ASA](#structure-artery.posterior.anterior_spinal)): the [anterior spinal axis](#structure-artery.posterior.anterior_spinal) originates from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) usually on the side with the dominant [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right), typically at the vertebrobasilar junction. Where there is no dominant [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right), it may arise symmetrically from both vertebral arteries, uniting to form a single vessel at C2-C4. There are anastomoses in the midline with other radiculomedullary arteries, particularly the artery of the cervical enlargement." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.posterior_spinal_right", "name": "Posterior spinal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v3", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Spinal", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior spinal right" }, "notes": "Proximal posterior spinal course only, spinal cord absent. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#e2b0cc", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The PSAs are positioned off midline, and hence identifiable on carefully performed true AP spinal angiography. They are sometimes visible arising from the intradural vertebral arteries or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right), particularly in the presence of cervical AVMs. In the non-pathological state, they are small and measure <0.5 mm.\n\nThe PSAs and contributing radiculopial arteries create a network to supply the circumference of the periphery of the cord in a centripetal manner. In this instance, the network is analogous to the M2 perforators as they pass into the insular cortex from the Sylvian fissure.\n\nThe PSAs principally supply the posterior third of the cord, including the dorsal columns, dorsal grey matter, and dorsal aspects of the lateral columns." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_right", "name": "VA muscular C1 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v3", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vertebral", "cervical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA muscular C1 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cervical.", "color": "#eda97d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) gives muscular branches to paraspinal arteries. There are extensive anastomoses with other arteries in the neck, particularly the ascending cervical, deep cervical, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), contralateral vertebral, and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_right", "name": "VA muscular C2 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vertebral", "cervical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA muscular C2 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cervical.", "color": "#eda97d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) gives muscular branches to paraspinal arteries. There are extensive anastomoses with other arteries in the neck, particularly the ascending cervical, deep cervical, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), contralateral vertebral, and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right", "name": "VA odontoid contribution right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v2", "children": [ "artery.connection.odontoid_inferior_transverse_arcade.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cervical", "posterior circulation", "Upper cervical odontoid contributor" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA odontoid contribution right" }, "notes": "Representative upper cervical odontoid route; dens absent. Model compartment: cervical. Estimated upper cervical contributor; C2 versus C3 level is not established without vertebral registration.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The C3 radicular spinal arteries participate in the odontoid arterial arcade (also formed from branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right))." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right", "name": "Posterior meningeal VA right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v3", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "dural", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior meningeal VA right" }, "notes": "Extradural V3 origin near dural entry in this represented variant. Model compartment: dural.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior meningeal artery: the posterior meningeal artery supplies the tentorium cerebelli and may originate from the extracranial [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right), the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right), the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_1_right", "name": "Pontine paramedian 1 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine paramedian 1 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian branches enter the pons off-centre." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_2_right", "name": "Pontine paramedian 2 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine paramedian 2 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian branches enter the pons off-centre." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_3_right", "name": "Pontine paramedian 3 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine paramedian 3 right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian branches enter the pons off-centre." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_circumferential_right", "name": "Pontine circumferential right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine circumferential right" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Short circumflex branches partially encircle the pons.\n\nLong circumflex branches fully encircle it and generally have fewer terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "name": "PCA P1 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_1_left", "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_2_left", "artery.amendment.pca_short_circumflex.left", "artery.amendment.pca_long_circumflex.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA P1 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Originating at the basilar bifurcation, the P1 segment runs within the interpeduncular cistern and terminates at the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left) insertion." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "name": "PCA P2-P3 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_left", "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_left", "artery.posterior.pca_anterior_inferior_temporal_left", "artery.posterior.pca_middle_inferior_temporal_left", "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_left", "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left", "artery.posterior.pca_hippocampal_left", "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left", "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left", "artery.posterior.thalamogeniculate_left", "artery.posterior.peduncular_perforator_left", "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA P2-P3 left" }, "notes": "Adult configuration; P2 around cerebral peduncle, P3 to the quadrigeminal cistern. Segment landmarks are estimated. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 45.14015869256494, "startPointMm": [ -9.999999999999998, -57.00000000000001, 77.99999999999997 ], "endPointMm": [ -20.74399577196052, -93.61650586177569, 84.98397288853516 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Crural/ambient cisternal course to quadrigeminal transition estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "P3", "startArcMm": 45.14015869256494, "endArcMm": 62.59435356470263, "startPointMm": [ -20.74399577196052, -93.61650586177569, 84.98397288853516 ], "endPointMm": [ -12.0, -106.8057142857143, 91.80000000000001 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Quadrigeminal region to cortical branching", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "P2 courses around the midbrain, under the thalamus, running in the crural and ambient cisterns. Branches supply the thalamus, cerebral peduncle, and quadrigeminal plate.\n\nThe P3 segment runs posteromedially in the quadrigeminal cistern." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_left", "name": "PCA calcarine left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.calcarine_superior_cortical_left", "artery.posterior.calcarine_inferior_cortical_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA calcarine left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 44.931802058771744, "startPointMm": [ -12.444564989289143, -105.73702432426799, 91.46947613117058 ], "endPointMm": [ -6.88, -145.30857142857144, 109.19999999999999 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "Calcarine: this runs initially inferior and lateral to the [parieto-occipital artery](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_left) within the calcarine fissure to supply the visual cortex, cuneus, and lingual gyrus. It occasionally originates from the parieto-occipital or posterior temporal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_left", "name": "PCA parieto-occipital left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.parieto_occipital_cuneal_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA parieto-occipital left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 58.970199884588375, "startPointMm": [ -12.444564989289143, -105.73702432426799, 91.46947613117058 ], "endPointMm": [ -20.88424224113081, -129.25296635855716, 138.36371504376834 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "Parieto-occipital: usually the largest of the terminal branches, it runs initially superior and medial to the [calcarine artery](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_left) in the parieto-occipital fissure. The artery supplies the cuneus, precuneus, and superior occipital gyrus of the occipital lobe. It may also give branches to the precentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and an accessory calcarine branch to the visual cortex." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_anterior_inferior_temporal_left", "name": "PCA anterior inferior temporal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA anterior inferior temporal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 48.64459756746503, "startPointMm": [ -19.10275910032542, -66.00613593859815, 76.14426083949374 ], "endPointMm": [ -49.0, -94.99999999999999, 65.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The anterior temporal artery is a cortical branch of the PCA supplying the corresponding part of the temporal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_middle_inferior_temporal_left", "name": "PCA middle inferior temporal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA middle inferior temporal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 51.92987289197406, "startPointMm": [ -25.04866523896593, -80.8032375380314, 78.33967802753997 ], "endPointMm": [ -45.99999999999999, -119.0, 74.00000000000003 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The middle temporal artery is a cortical branch of the PCA supplying the corresponding part of the temporal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_left", "name": "PCA posterior inferior temporal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pca_lateral_occipital_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA posterior inferior temporal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "P4", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 55.058150433769015, "startPointMm": [ -20.39960466691547, -94.00596144484567, 85.2872201200567 ], "endPointMm": [ -38.99999999999999, -136.88571428571427, 89.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical distribution", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The posterior temporal artery is a cortical branch of the PCA supplying the corresponding part of the temporal lobe." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.calcarine_superior_cortical_left", "name": "Calcarine superior cortical left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Calcarine superior cortical left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.calcarine_inferior_cortical_left", "name": "Calcarine inferior cortical left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_calcarine_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Calcarine inferior cortical left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.parieto_occipital_cuneal_left", "name": "Parieto-occipital cuneal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Parieto-occipital cuneal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_lateral_occipital_left", "name": "PCA lateral occipital left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cortical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA lateral occipital left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cortical.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left", "name": "PCA splenial left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "interhemispheric", "posterior circulation", "Posterior pericallosal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA splenial left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: interhemispheric. PCA splenial/posterior pericallosal branch.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior pericallosal (or splenial) branches: these small vessels originate from the P3 segment, parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior temporal arteries. They can form a common trunk with the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) or can anastomose with the latter via a recurrent branch to the fornix. They are directed posteriorly initially and then turn abruptly anterosuperiorly to reach the corpus callosum. They anastomose with the terminal branches of the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pca_hippocampal_left", "name": "PCA hippocampal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA hippocampal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#c38bef", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Hippocampal: supplying the hippocampus." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left", "name": "Medial posterior choroidal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left.landmark.third_ventricular_entry_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial posterior choroidal left" }, "notes": "Representative course; choroid plexus and ventricular walls not registered. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Medial posterior choroidal artery: this vessel usually arises from the medial P2 segment but may arise from the parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior pericallosal (splenial) branches. It runs medially and supplies the adjacent tectum, pineal gland, habenula and medial geniculate body, and posterior thalamus. It then enters the roof of the third ventricle within the velum interpositum (the small membrane just above and anterior to the pineal gland) to supply the choroid plexus. As it arches over the quadrigeminal plate, it adopts a characteristic \u20183\u2019 shape on a lateral angiographic projection. It runs inferior to the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left). Terminal branches anastomose with the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left) at the foramen of Monro." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left", "name": "Lateral posterior choroidal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left.landmark.lateral_ventricular_entry_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral posterior choroidal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral posterior choroidal artery: this artery usually arises distal to the [medial posterior choroidal](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) but can arise from hippocampal, temporal, and parieto-occipital arteries. It runs superoanterior in the ambient cistern, sending branches to the cerebral peduncle, pineal gland, splenium of the corpus callosum, posterior commissure, tail of the caudate nucleus, lateral geniculate body, and dorsomedial and pulvinar of the thalamus. It then enters the choroidal fissure and lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_1_left", "name": "Thalamoperforator 1 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Thalamoperforator 1 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior thalamoperforators (up to eight): these enter the posterior perforated substance, the interpeduncular cistern, and medial cerebral peduncles, and supply the posterior part of the thalamus, posterior part of the optic chiasm and tracts, posterior limb of the internal capsule, hypothalamus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, rostral mesencephalon, and cerebral peduncles. The peduncular supply includes the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.thalamoperforator_2_left", "name": "Thalamoperforator 2 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Thalamoperforator 2 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior thalamoperforators (up to eight): these enter the posterior perforated substance, the interpeduncular cistern, and medial cerebral peduncles, and supply the posterior part of the thalamus, posterior part of the optic chiasm and tracts, posterior limb of the internal capsule, hypothalamus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, rostral mesencephalon, and cerebral peduncles. The peduncular supply includes the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.thalamogeniculate_left", "name": "Thalamogeniculate left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Thalamogeniculate left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Thalamogeniculate perforators (up to 12): these supply the optic tract, medial and lateral geniculate bodies, the lateral and inferior thalamus, and the posterior internal capsule." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.peduncular_perforator_left", "name": "Peduncular perforator left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Peduncular perforator left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Peduncular perforating branches: perforators arise from the P1 or P2 segment to supply the cerebral peduncles." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pcom_perforator_left", "name": "PCom perforator left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCom perforator left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.5: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior thalamoperforators of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left) arise from the superolateral aspect and a particularly prominent one is the [tuberothalamic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.left), which supplies the anterior thalamus, reticular nucleus, and mammillothalamic tract. The anterior thalamoperforating group also supply the posterior optic chiasm, proximal optic radiations, posterior hypothalamus, and cerebral peduncle. They anastomose with choroidal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "name": "SCA left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [ "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_left", "artery.posterior.sca_medial_hemispheric_left", "artery.posterior.sca_lateral_hemispheric_left", "artery.amendment.sca_proximal_perforator.left", "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.left", "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA left" }, "notes": "Single SCA origin below PCA; no duplication in this represented variant. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The SCA arises near the termination of the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) and initially runs parallel and inferior to the PCA, separated by the oculomotor nerve. It deviates laterally in the ambient cistern, running over the middle cerebellar peduncle under the trochlear nerve, before continuing into the quadrigeminal cistern and veering towards the midline.\n\nIt supplies the lower midbrain, upper pons, superior vermis, and superior cerebellar hemispheres.\n\nThe artery may share a common origin with the PCA or arise from the [P1 segment](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_p1_left), more common in caudal fusion types. It may be duplicated (in up to 28%), and this will correspond to separate origins of the medial and lateral divisions." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_left", "name": "SCA vermian left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA vermian left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Superior vermian branch: the terminal branch supplying the vermis and anastomosing with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) and [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_medial_hemispheric_left", "name": "SCA medial hemispheric left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.sca_rostral_hemispheric_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA medial hemispheric left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The medial (rostral) division of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) subdivides at the lateral pontomesencephalic level. A lateral branch supplies the superomedial cerebellar hemisphere and superior vermis." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_lateral_hemispheric_left", "name": "SCA lateral hemispheric left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA lateral hemispheric left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral (caudal marginal) division: this is usually the larger division and supplies the deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the dentate nucleus, and the superolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_rostral_hemispheric_left", "name": "SCA rostral hemispheric left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_medial_hemispheric_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA rostral hemispheric left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The medial (rostral) division of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) subdivides at the lateral pontomesencephalic level. A lateral branch supplies the superomedial cerebellar hemisphere and superior vermis." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_left", "name": "SCA caudal hemispheric left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_lateral_hemispheric_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA caudal hemispheric left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#78b3ed", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral (caudal marginal) division: this is usually the larger division and supplies the deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the dentate nucleus, and the superolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.aica_left", "name": "AICA left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [ "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left", "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_left", "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_left", "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA left" }, "notes": "Representative cisternal meatal loop; exact internal acoustic canal and VII/VIII relations unverified. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The AICA arises from the lower or mid-third of the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) and runs over the anterolateral surface of the pons. It supplies the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles, the inferior flocculus, the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle, and the cerebellar hemisphere.\n\nIt may be duplicated or arise from a common trunk with the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) (AICA-PICA trunk).\n\nThere are anastomoses with branches of the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left", "name": "Labyrinthine left", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.common_cochlear.left", "artery.amendment.anterior_vestibular.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "meatal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Labyrinthine left" }, "notes": "Small canal-directed branch; no labyrinth mesh. Model compartment: meatal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery arises from the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) or, less commonly, directly from the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar). It divides into cochlear and anterior vestibular branches which are the main supply of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. The internal auditory artery also supplies the facial nerve in the internal auditory canal." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_left", "name": "AICA rostral branch left", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.aica_fourth_ventricular_choroidal.left", "artery.connection.aica_sca_pial_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA rostral branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_left", "name": "AICA caudal branch left", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA caudal branch left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#67c9be", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "name": "PICA left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v4", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_left", "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_left", "artery.posterior.pica_tonsillar_left", "artery.posterior.pica_choroidal_left", "artery.posterior.pica_medullary_perforator_left", "artery.posterior.pica_left.landmark.telovelotonsillar_loop_estimate" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA left" }, "notes": "Anterior/lateral medullary course, caudal tonsillomedullary loop, cranial telovelotonsillar loop. Tonsils and medulla are not registered. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "Anterior medullary", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 12.358919810180831, "startPointMm": [ -9.769165073769681, -87.80812794338362, 34.833495637475444 ], "endPointMm": [ -15.8092941475179, -93.81226546270987, 42.90527326494963 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Anterior medullary region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Lateral medullary", "startArcMm": 12.358919810180831, "endArcMm": 24.717839400439814, "startPointMm": [ -15.8092941475179, -93.81226546270987, 42.90527326494963 ], "endPointMm": [ -18.300194720883827, -102.159705117806, 35.63868804880173 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Lateral medullary region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Tonsillomedullary", "startArcMm": 24.717839400439814, "endArcMm": 37.37819624290605, "startPointMm": [ -18.300194720883827, -102.159705117806, 35.63868804880173 ], "endPointMm": [ -10.933653162858832, -110.19236039897454, 37.20106155141245 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Tonsillar/caudal loop estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Telovelotonsillar", "startArcMm": 37.37819624290605, "endArcMm": 49.73711564050614, "startPointMm": [ -10.933653162858832, -110.19236039897454, 37.20106155141245 ], "endPointMm": [ -7.993314808409191, -108.45294582266759, 48.7807785074267 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cranial loop and ventricular roof estimate", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "Cortical", "startArcMm": 49.73711564050614, "endArcMm": 62.096035035777724, "startPointMm": [ -7.993314808409191, -108.45294582266759, 48.7807785074267 ], "endPointMm": [ -12.740000000000002, -113.40000000000002, 58.199999999999996 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Distal cortical territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The artery most commonly originates from the intradural [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left), however, its origin is variable. It may arise from the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar), a joint AICA-PICA trunk, the extradural [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) as low as C2, or the ascending cervical, occipital, and [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) arteries, or as a remnant of the trigeminal artery.\n\nIt may be duplicated or unilaterally or bilaterally absent, in which case its territory is served by another artery, usually the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left).\n\nIt supplies the lower medulla, tonsils, vermis, and inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere.\n\nThe artery can be anatomically segmented into the following: anterior medullary (anterior to the apex of the inferior olive), lateral medullary (extends from the inferior olive), tonsillomedullary, telovelotonsillar, and cortical.\n\nThe first three segments emit perforators to the lateral medulla and anterior and lateral spinal arteries. The perforators may anastomose with those from the vertebral and [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar).\n\nIn addition to pial vessels, the posterior meningeal artery may arise from the PICA." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_left", "name": "PICA vermian left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.pica_sca_vermian_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA vermian left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) supplies the vermis. Vermian branches may occasionally cross the midline and establish a bilateral supply." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_left", "name": "PICA hemispheric left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pica_lateral_hemispheric_left", "artery.connection.pica_aica_pial_border_zone.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA hemispheric left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) supplies the inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_lateral_hemispheric_left", "name": "PICA lateral hemispheric left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA lateral hemispheric left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) supplies the inferolateral cerebellar hemisphere." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_tonsillar_left", "name": "PICA tonsillar left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PICA", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA tonsillar left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ed91a8", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) supplies the cerebellar tonsils." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_choroidal_left", "name": "PICA choroidal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA choroidal left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_medullary_perforator_left", "name": "PICA medullary perforator left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PICA medullary perforator left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The first three [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) segments emit perforators to the lateral medulla and anterior and lateral spinal arteries. The perforators may anastomose with those from the vertebral and [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal_root_left", "name": "Anterior spinal root left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Spinal", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior spinal root left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal. Origin moved to the red-marked V4 level; welded VA collar and central ASA confluence retained.", "color": "#e2b0cc", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "[Anterior spinal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.anterior_spinal) ([ASA](#structure-artery.posterior.anterior_spinal)): the [anterior spinal axis](#structure-artery.posterior.anterior_spinal) originates from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) usually on the side with the dominant [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left), typically at the vertebrobasilar junction. Where there is no dominant [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left), it may arise symmetrically from both vertebral arteries, uniting to form a single vessel at C2-C4. There are anastomoses in the midline with other radiculomedullary arteries, particularly the artery of the cervical enlargement." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.posterior_spinal_left", "name": "Posterior spinal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v3", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Spinal", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior spinal left" }, "notes": "Proximal posterior spinal course only, spinal cord absent. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#e2b0cc", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The PSAs are positioned off midline, and hence identifiable on carefully performed true AP spinal angiography. They are sometimes visible arising from the intradural vertebral arteries or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left), particularly in the presence of cervical AVMs. In the non-pathological state, they are small and measure <0.5 mm.\n\nThe PSAs and contributing radiculopial arteries create a network to supply the circumference of the periphery of the cord in a centripetal manner. In this instance, the network is analogous to the M2 perforators as they pass into the insular cortex from the Sylvian fissure.\n\nThe PSAs principally supply the posterior third of the cord, including the dorsal columns, dorsal grey matter, and dorsal aspects of the lateral columns." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_left", "name": "VA muscular C1 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v3", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vertebral", "cervical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA muscular C1 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cervical.", "color": "#eda97d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) gives muscular branches to paraspinal arteries. There are extensive anastomoses with other arteries in the neck, particularly the ascending cervical, deep cervical, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), contralateral vertebral, and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_left", "name": "VA muscular C2 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vertebral", "cervical", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA muscular C2 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cervical.", "color": "#eda97d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) gives muscular branches to paraspinal arteries. There are extensive anastomoses with other arteries in the neck, particularly the ascending cervical, deep cervical, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), contralateral vertebral, and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_left", "name": "VA odontoid contribution left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "cervical", "posterior circulation", "Upper cervical odontoid contributor" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA odontoid contribution left" }, "notes": "Representative upper cervical odontoid route; dens absent. Model compartment: cervical. Estimated upper cervical contributor; C2 versus C3 level is not established without vertebral registration.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The C3 radicular spinal arteries participate in the odontoid arterial arcade (also formed from branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left))." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left", "name": "Posterior meningeal VA left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v3", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dural", "dural", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior meningeal VA left" }, "notes": "Extradural V3 origin near dural entry in this represented variant. Model compartment: dural.", "color": "#e6c55d", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior meningeal artery: the posterior meningeal artery supplies the tentorium cerebelli and may originate from the extracranial [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left), the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left), the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_1_left", "name": "Pontine paramedian 1 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine paramedian 1 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian branches enter the pons off-centre." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_2_left", "name": "Pontine paramedian 2 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine paramedian 2 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian branches enter the pons off-centre." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_paramedian_3_left", "name": "Pontine paramedian 3 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine paramedian 3 left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian branches enter the pons off-centre." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pontine_circumferential_left", "name": "Pontine circumferential left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Perforator", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine circumferential left" }, "notes": " Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#ccd59b", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Short circumflex branches partially encircle the pons.\n\nLong circumflex branches fully encircle it and generally have fewer terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal", "name": "Anterior spinal", "parent": "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal_root_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Spinal", "cisternal", "posterior circulation" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior spinal" }, "notes": "Paired vertebral roots merge into a short anterior spinal segment. Model compartment: cisternal.", "color": "#e2b0cc", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior spinal artery (ASA): the anterior spinal axis originates from the vertebral artery usually on the side with the dominant PICA, typically at the vertebrobasilar junction. Where there is no dominant PICA, it may arise symmetrically from both vertebral arteries, uniting to form a single vessel at C2-C4. There are anastomoses in the midline with other radiculomedullary arteries, particularly the artery of the cervical enlargement.\n\nThe ASA measures up to 0.8 mm in size, and receives contributions from 2-5 cervical sources, where it is richly vascularised.\n\nThe ASA terminates at the conus in a basket of arteries which anastomose with the posterior spinal arteries (PSAs). Occasionally, a small filum terminalis artery can persist, passing inferiorly." }, { "id": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "name": "External carotid artery left", "parent": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left", "artery.eca.lingual.right.left", "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left", "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "External carotid", "ECA", "ECA" ], "color": "#e76758", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "External carotid left" }, "notes": "Figs 1.2 and 4.3: trunk curvature adapted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The ECA arises from the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_left), typically at the level of the C4 vertebra (varying from C2 to T2). In 75%, the [internal carotid artery](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) ([ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left)) lies posterolateral to the ECA.\n\nIt supplies structures of the head, neck, and face, including muscles, skin, and bones, as well as the pharynx, oral cavity, larynx, thyroid gland, cranial nerves (CNs), and dura mater.\n\nNear its origin, the inferiorly directed [superior thyroid artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left) arises.\n\nThe ECA then runs superiorly towards the parotid gland, giving off the lingual and facial arteries anteriorly, and the occipital, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left) arteries posterosuperiorly.\n\nIt bifurcates into the [superficial temporal artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) ([STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left)) and [internal maxillary artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) ([IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)) after piercing the parotid gland, behind the neck of the mandible." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left", "name": "Superior thyroid artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.superior_laryngeal.right.left", "artery.eca.infrahyoid.right.left", "artery.amendment.superior_thyroid_scm_branch.left", "artery.amendment.cricothyroid.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior thyroid", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior thyroid left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: upper thyroid gland, infrahyoid, sternocleidomastoid, and cricothyroid muscles, superior larynx, and the parathyroids. It has rich anastomoses with the inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk.\n\nOrigin: anteriorly at the origin of the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left). Occasionally it originates from the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_left) and rarely from a common origin with the [lingual artery](#structure-artery.eca.lingual.right.left).\n\nCourse: it is directed acutely downward and continues lateral to the larynx before reaching the thyroid gland." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_laryngeal.right.left", "name": "Superior laryngeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior laryngeal", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior laryngeal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.infrahyoid.right.left", "name": "Infrahyoid artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Infrahyoid", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Infrahyoid left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lingual.right.left", "name": "Lingual artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.deep_lingual.right.left", "artery.eca.dorsal_lingual.right.left", "artery.eca.sublingual.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lingual left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8b: lingual loop, Fig 2.2b: normal territory reference. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: ipsilateral tongue and buccal and oral mucosa. It can also supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.\n\nOrigin: the lingual artery originates anteriorly from the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) just below the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left), although it occasionally shares a common origin. Rarely, it can share a common origin with the [superior thyroid](#structure-artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left).\n\nCourse: initially, anterosuperior to the greater horn of the hyoid, it then turns inferiorly and then anteriorly, crossed by the hypoglossal nerve. It then runs horizontally along the hyoid before diving under the hyoglossus." }, { "id": "artery.eca.deep_lingual.right.left", "name": "Deep lingual artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.lingual.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Deep lingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Deep lingual left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8b: distal lingual tortuosity. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.dorsal_lingual.right.left", "name": "Dorsal lingual artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.lingual.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Dorsal lingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Dorsal lingual left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.sublingual.right.left", "name": "Sublingual artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.lingual.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Sublingual", "Visceral", "ECA" ], "color": "#eea853", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Sublingual left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "name": "Facial artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.angular.right.left", "artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left", "artery.eca.tonsillar.right.left", "artery.eca.submental.right.left", "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right.left", "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left", "artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right.left", "artery.amendment.facial_submandibular_gland_branch.left", "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.left", "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8c,d with facial MPRs; Fig 1.2. Visually adapted to mandibular landmarks from a traced DSA; direct 2D mapping unsuitable because the patient/skull differ. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: the submandibular gland, musculocutaneous tissue of the face, and the mandible.\n\nOrigin: the facial artery usually arises just above the [lingual artery](#structure-artery.eca.lingual.right.left), although sometimes it shares a common origin.\n\nCourse: initially anterosuperiorly directed it turns inferiorly and descends in the parapharyngeal space to reach the submandibular gland. It runs anterolaterally, crossing the deep aspect of the gland and giving off the [submental artery](#structure-artery.eca.submental.right.left) before crossing the mandible in front of the masseter. The artery terminates at the level of the ala of the nose in about 50% and gives rise to the [superior labial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left) and alar branches. Alternatively, it becomes the [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left), running in the nasolabial fold to reach the angle of the eye." }, { "id": "artery.eca.angular.right.left", "name": "Angular artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.angular_dorsal_nasal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Angular", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ECA Angular left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.10 and Fig 2.8: angular course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Angular artery: if present, this is the terminal branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left). It may also originate from the ophthalmic or [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left). The vessel courses in the nasojugal fold giving off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery ([lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left)) to form the palpebral arcade. There are anastomoses with the ophthalmic, [lateral nasal](#structure-artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right.left), and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) in addition to its counterpart across the midline." }, { "id": "artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left", "name": "Ascending palatine artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ascending palatine", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ascending palatine left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Ascending palatine artery: this originates most frequently from the apex of the proximal segment of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) or from the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) or lingual arteries. It ascends superiorly between the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus, giving off tonsillar branches. The artery reaches and supplies the soft palate and the Eustachian tube superiorly. It anastomoses with the pharyngeal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left), and [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) arteries. Damage to this vessel is often implicated in post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage." }, { "id": "artery.eca.tonsillar.right.left", "name": "Tonsillar artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Tonsillar", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Tonsillar left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Tonsillar branch: this arises from the proximal descending part and ascends between the internal pterygoid muscle and styloglossus. It courses anteromedially to supply the palatine tonsil and tongue. It can also be injured during tonsillectomy." }, { "id": "artery.eca.submental.right.left", "name": "Submental artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Submental", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Submental left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8d: submental branch along mandibular body. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Hanging loop raised to follow the retained mandibular inferior surface; fixed facial origin and shared collar retained. Reference clearance is not a measured mylohyoid plane.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Submental artery: this originates at the submandibular segment of the artery and courses anteriorly on mylohyoid, delivering branches to the submandibular gland and regional musculocutaneous tissue and the mandible." }, { "id": "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right.left", "name": "Inferior labial artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior labial", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior labial left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8d: labial undulation. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Main course lowered into the lower-lip band below the visible lower crowns; existing facial root and welded collar retained.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior labial artery runs along the lower lip. The labial arteries supply the labial glands, mucous membranes, and regional musculature." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left", "name": "Superior labial artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.labial_septal_plexus.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior labial", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior labial left" }, "notes": "Fig 2.8c,d: labial course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Main course slightly lowered into the upper-lip band above the visible upper crowns; existing facial root and welded collar retained.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior labial artery follows the upper lip. The labial arteries supply the labial glands, mucous membranes, and regional musculature. The superior labial artery also delivers branches to the nasal septum and ala and can anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left) (the terminal branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left))." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right.left", "name": "Lateral nasal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral nasal", "Facial", "ECA" ], "color": "#ef806b", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral nasal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lateral nasal artery: this originates distal to the [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left) branch (or from the [superior labial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left)) and runs superiorly along the side of the nose. Occasionally, it is the terminal branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "name": "Occipital artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "artery.eca.occipital_medial_scalp.right.left", "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right.left", "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right.left", "artery.connection.occipital_vertebral_c1.left", "artery.amendment.occipital_scm_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.3a,b and MPR: segmental OA course; DAVF calibre/enlarged transosseous feeders excluded. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: musculocutaneous tissue and bone, dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa, and CNs.\n\nOrigin: posterosuperiorly from the proximal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) usually just above or below the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) (occasionally they share a common trunk). In some cases, it arises from the internal carotid, vertebral, deep cervical, or [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left) arteries.\n\nFirst segment: runs posterosuperiorly to reach the occipital groove of the temporal bone.\n\nSecond segment: horizontal to the superior nuchal line (a bony ridge sweeping laterally from the external occipital protuberance).\n\nThird segment: ascends the distal occiput." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "name": "Occipital lateral scalp artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.occipital_posterior_auricular_scalp.left", "artery.connection.occipital_mma_transosseous_potential.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital lateral scalp", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital lateral scalp left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.3: peripheral OA course; skull surface adapted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_medial_scalp.right.left", "name": "Occipital medial scalp artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital medial scalp", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital medial scalp left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right.left", "name": "Occipital descending artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.occipital_descending_vertebral_c2.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital descending", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital descending left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Descending muscular branches: there are superficial and deep muscular branches arising from the second segment that run inferiorly to supply the back muscles, such as the splenius and trapezius. Importantly, the deep branch anastomoses with the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) and branches of the costocervical trunk at the C1-C2 level and the cervical arteries at C3-C4." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right.left", "name": "Occipital mastoid artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital mastoid", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ref.alvernia2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. The main trunk and scalp/muscular branches were checked for occipital-bone clearance; the bone-entering mastoid branch is treated separately. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Mastoid branches: these arise from the second segment and supply the mastoid bone and skin. A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.left) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left", "name": "Posterior auricular artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_parotid_branch.left", "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior auricular", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior auricular left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.1b, 4.2b: retroauricular course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: musculocutaneous tissue of the face, scalp, pinna, and parotid gland. It is in haemodynamic balance with the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) and [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left). There are anastomoses with the anterior auricular artery (a branch of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left)) above the ear.\n\nOrigin: the vessel arises from the distal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) posteriorly at the level of the inferior parotid gland. Alternatively, it may share a common trunk with the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left).\n\nCourse: the artery is directed posterosuperiorly beneath the parotid gland and runs on the superior surface of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It turns superficially at the mastoid process and courses posterosuperiorly in the posterior auricular sulcus, between the mastoid process and the pinna." }, { "id": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "name": "Stylomastoid artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.stylomastoid_inferior_tympanic.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Stylomastoid", "Scalp", "ECA", "Posterior auricular stylomastoid" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Stylomastoid left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Posterior auricular origin retained; legacy ID is stable.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Stylomastoid artery: this arises from the first segment of the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) or the [posterior auricular artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left). It enters the [stylomastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.stylomastoid.left) with the facial nerve, which it supplies, contributing to the facial arcade in the temporal bone with the [petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left) ([MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)). It enters the tympanic cavity and anastomoses with the [superior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left) from the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left), [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left), the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) branch of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), and the arcuate branch of the [anterior inferior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) ([AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left)). It also supplies the tympanic antrum, mastoid bone, and semicircular canal." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "name": "Superficial temporal artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left", "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left", "artery.eca.middle_temporal.right.left", "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.left", "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superficial temporal", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superficial temporal left" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: the lateral aspect of the scalp and face.\n\nOrigin: this is one of the two terminal divisions of the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) (the other being the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)).\n\nCourse: the artery originates behind the neck of the mandible in the parotid gland. It ascends laterally along the superficial surface of the temporalis muscle, over the posterior aspect of the condylar process, and passes superficially over the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. After a few centimetres it divides into its frontal and parietal terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left", "name": "STA frontal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right.left", "artery.connection.sta_supraorbital.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA frontal", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA frontal left" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The frontal and parietal terminal divisions of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) arise a couple of centimetres above the superior margin of the zygomatic arch, supplying muscle, skin, and bone. The frontal division curves anterosuperiorly towards the superior orbital rim. It anastomoses with the supraorbital and frontal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right.left", "name": "STA frontal anterior twig artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.sta_supratrochlear_scalp.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA frontal anterior twig", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA frontal anterior twig left" }, "notes": "Fig 4.3: unequal peripheral frontal branching; distal endpoint estimated. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "name": "STA parietal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.sta_parietal_anterior_twig.right.left", "artery.connection.sta_occipital_scalp.left", "artery.connection.sta_mma_transosseous_potential.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA parietal", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA parietal left" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The frontal and parietal terminal divisions of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) arise a couple of centimetres above the superior margin of the zygomatic arch, supplying muscle, skin, and bone. The parietal division runs posterosuperiorly and anastomoses with the occipital, [deep middle temporal](#structure-artery.eca.middle_temporal.right.left), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.sta_parietal_anterior_twig.right.left", "name": "STA parietal anterior twig artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA parietal anterior twig", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA parietal anterior twig left" }, "notes": "Fig 4.3: unequal parietal branching; distal endpoint estimated. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left", "name": "Transverse facial artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.left", "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.left", "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_parotid_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial", "Scalp", "ECA" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 4.4: transverse facial course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Transverse facial artery: this arises within the parotid gland near the origin of the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) and divides into superior and inferior branches. The superior division passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries. The inferior trunk also supplies the parotid gland and runs superficially over the masseter, which it supplies. It anastomoses with branches of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.middle_temporal.right.left", "name": "Posterior deep temporal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle temporal", "Scalp", "ECA", "Posterior deep temporal (STA territory, Kiyosue convention)", "Middle temporal artery left", "Middle temporal artery", "Posterior deep temporal artery", "Posterior deep temporal artery left" ], "color": "#dfc283", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ECA Middle temporal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. STA origin retained; distinct from MCA middle temporal.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior deep temporal artery: this arises at the level of the zygoma and is directed posteroinferiorly. Rarely it originates from the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) or from a common trunk with the zygomatico-orbital arteries. It supplies the temporalis muscle and anastomoses with the middle and anterior temporal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "name": "Maxillary artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right.left", "artery.eca.pterygoid_muscular.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left", "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Maxillary", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Maxillary left" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The internal maxillary artery (IMA) and [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) are the terminal divisions of the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left). The IMA can be referred to as simply the maxillary artery.\n\nIMA branches supply the organs and muscles of the head and neck, mouth, paranasal sinuses, dura, and CNs.\n\nOrigin: the IMA originates within the parotid gland behind the neck of the mandible.\n\nThe first (mandibular) segment runs deep to the neck of the mandible and runs anterior just lateral to the inferior alveolar nerve towards the border of the lateral pterygoid muscle. It gives off the [deep auricular](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right.left), [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left), middle meningeal, [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left), and [inferior alveolar (dental)](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left) arteries.\n\nThe second (zygomatic or pterygoid) segment curves anteromedially, either superficial or deep to the pterygoid muscles, to reach the pterygopalatine fossa. It gives off [middle deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right.left), pterygoid, masseteric, buccal, and [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left) branches.\n\nThe third (pterygopalatine) segment runs medially in the pterygopalatine fossa giving off the [posterior superior dental](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left), [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left), [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left), and pharyngeal arteries and the arteries of the [foramen rotundum](#structure-landmark.rotundum.left), [pterygoid canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) (vidian artery), and [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left). It terminates as the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left) at the medial border of the fossa, in the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right.left", "name": "Deep auricular artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Deep auricular", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Deep auricular left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this tiny artery is the first maxillary branch. It may share a common origin with the [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left).\n\nCourse: it ascends within the parotid behind the temporomandibular joint. It passes through the wall of the external acoustic meatus to supply the skin of the canal and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left", "name": "Anterior tympanic artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior tympanic", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior tympanic left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: another small vessel, sometimes shares a common origin with the [deep auricular artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right.left). It also occasionally arises from the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left), the distal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left), or other proximal maxillary arteries such as the inferior dental or middle meningeal.\n\nCourse: the artery ascends behind the temporomandibular joint and bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch supplies the temporomandibular joint, and the posterior branch enters the tympanic cavity through the [petrotympanic fissure](#structure-landmark.petrotympanic.left) to supply the mucosa of the tympanic cavity and the tympanic membrane.\n\nAnastomoses: [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left), the [artery of the pterygoid canal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left) (vidian artery), and anastomoses within the tympanic cavity including the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) branch of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "name": "Inferior alveolar artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.mental.right.left", "artery.eca.incisive.right.left", "artery.eca.mylohyoid.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior alveolar", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Inferior dental artery", "Inferior dental (or alveolar) artery" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior alveolar left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.3: Intraosseous mandibular route and outward mental-foramen exit revised.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: inferiorly from the first segment of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left). Occasionally arises from a common trunk with the [middle deep temporal artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right.left).\n\nThe vessel supplies the roots of the lower teeth.\n\nCourse: it runs inferiorly accompanying the inferior alveolar nerve and vein. It enters the [mandibular canal](#structure-landmark.mandibular-canal.left) through an opening on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus and then courses anteroinferiorly and medially towards the [mental foramen](#structure-landmark.mental-foramen.left) on the anterior surface of the mandible, anastomosing with mental branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mental.right.left", "name": "Mental artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mental", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Mental left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.3: Intraosseous mandibular route and outward mental-foramen exit revised.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left) divides into incisor and mental terminal branches opposite the first premolar tooth. The mental branch supplies the lower lip and chin." }, { "id": "artery.eca.incisive.right.left", "name": "Incisive artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Incisive", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Incisive left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.3: Intraosseous mandibular route and outward mental-foramen exit revised.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left) divides into incisor and mental terminal branches opposite the first premolar tooth. The incisor branch supplies the pulp of the teeth." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mylohyoid.right.left", "name": "Mylohyoid artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mylohyoid", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Mylohyoid left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Extramandibular branches of the [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left) supply the pterygoid and mylohyoid muscles and the lingual nerve." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "name": "Middle deep temporal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior deep temporal", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Middle deep temporal (Kiyosue convention)", "Posterior deep temporal artery left", "Posterior deep temporal artery", "Middle deep temporal artery", "Middle deep temporal artery left" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior deep temporal left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3, 5.9: deep temporal ascent in temporal fossa. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Maxillary origin retained under common anatomical nomenclature.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this is from the proximal aspect of the second maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [inferior dental artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left).\n\nCourse: superiorly on the temporal bone giving off small branches to bone and the temporalis muscle.\n\nAnastomoses: [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left) and [superficial temporal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left). There are transosseous anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) and distal lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "name": "Anterior deep temporal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.deep_temporal_lacrimal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior deep temporal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior deep temporal left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3, 5.9: anterior deep temporal course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: the anterior deep temporal artery takes its origin from the distal aspect of the second segment. It may share a common origin with the [buccal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right.left).\n\nCourse: anterosuperiorly along the temporalis muscle which it supplies. It contributes an important branch to the lateral orbit which it reaches either via the zygomatic temporal fissure or [inferior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.left).\n\nAnastomoses: middle deep and [superficial temporal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) and also distal lacrimal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right.left", "name": "Masseteric artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Masseteric", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Masseteric left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: proximal part of the second maxillary segment.\n\nCourse: inferiorly through the mandibular notch, between the coronoid and condyloid processes, to supply the masseter muscle.\n\nAnastomoses: masseteric branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) and [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right.left", "name": "Buccal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Buccal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Buccal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: distal part of the second maxillary segment.\n\nCourse: inferiorly to supply buccal mucosa, buccinator, the parotid duct, and skin.\n\nAnastomoses: ascending branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) and the superior masseteric branch of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left). It is an important route for [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) reconstitution after proximal [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) ligation." }, { "id": "artery.eca.pterygoid_muscular.right.left", "name": "Pterygoid muscular artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygoid muscular", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pterygoid muscular left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: inferiorly from the second maxillary segment.\n\nThe artery supplies the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "name": "Posterior superior alveolar artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.psa_anterior_division.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior superior alveolar", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Posterior superior dental artery" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior superior alveolar left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this artery takes its origin from the proximal part of the third maxillary segment, just inside the pterygopalatine fossa. It often shares a common trunk with the [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left).\n\nCourse: anteroinferiorly on the lateral surface of the maxilla, giving off osseous branches, supplying the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and buccal cavity, and buccinator. The vessel then enters the superior alveolar canal in the maxilla running towards the incisor foramen.\n\nAnastomoses: [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left), [transverse facial](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left), and [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.psa_anterior_division.right.left", "name": "PSA anterior division left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PSA anterior division", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PSA anterior division left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "name": "Infraorbital artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Infraorbital", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Infraorbital left" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9 MPR and Fig 2.9: canal-guided course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Visible orbital floor and anterior depression guide course; enclosed infraorbital lumen is not resolved.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this terminal branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) arises anteroinferiorly from the proximal part of the third maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [posterior superior dental artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left). It supplies the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and lacrimal sac.\n\nCourse: laterally, it looks like an upturned boat hull. It ascends on the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and then traverses the [inferior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.left) to enter the orbit. The vessel runs forward on the orbital floor in the [infraorbital groove](#structure-landmark.infraorbital-groove.left) (together with the infraorbital nerve and vein), giving off osseous and muscular branches and anastomosing with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left). It then exits through the [infraorbital foramen](#structure-landmark.infraorbital-foramen.left) (again with the infraorbital nerve and vein) to supply the lateral aspect of the nose, upper lip, and the lower eyelid.\n\nAnastomoses: the terminal branches anastomose with the superficial temporal, ophthalmic, facial, and [transverse facial](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "name": "Anterior superior alveolar artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior superior alveolar", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior superior alveolar left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left", "name": "Descending palatine artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left", "artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Descending palatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Descending palatine left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3, 5.9 MPR: descending palatine canal. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: inferiorly from the third maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [posterior lateral nasal branch](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_lateral_nasal.right.left) of the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left).\n\nCourse: it descends and enters the [greater palatine (pterygopalatine) canal](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-canal.left) accompanied by the great palatine nerve. Within the canal it gives off the [lesser palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right.left) which supplies the soft palate. The artery becomes the [greater palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left) as it exits the canal through the [greater palatine foramen](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.left). It courses anteriorly beneath the hard palate to supply the hard palate, gingiva, and nasal septum.\n\nAnastomoses: [posterior septal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left) (from the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left)) and the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left", "name": "Greater palatine artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Greater palatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Greater palatine left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) becomes the greater palatine artery as it exits the canal through the [greater palatine foramen](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.left). It courses anteriorly beneath the hard palate to supply the hard palate, gingiva, and nasal septum.\n\nAnastomoses: [posterior septal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left) (from the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left)) and the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right.left", "name": "Lesser palatine artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lesser palatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lesser palatine left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Within the [greater palatine canal](#structure-landmark.greater-palatine-canal.left), the [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) gives off the lesser palatine artery, which supplies the soft palate." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left", "name": "Sphenopalatine artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "artery.eca.posterior_lateral_nasal.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Sphenopalatine", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Sphenopalatine left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3 and 5.9: terminal PPF and nasal entry. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: the sphenopalatine is a terminal branch of the [maxillary artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left).\n\nCourse: medially through the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left) to enter the nasal cavity, which it supplies in addition to the paranasal sinuses. It is best seen on the anteroposterior projection angiographically due to its medial course." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "name": "Posterior septal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.septal_anterior_ethmoidal.left", "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.left", "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior septal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior septal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior septal (or medial [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left)) artery: this vessel is medially directed towards the superior turbinate and gives off a branch to the sphenoid ostium. It divides into superior and inferior branches. The superior branch supplies the superior turbinate before coursing medially to the nasal septum where it curves anteriorly. It anastomoses with branches of the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left) and [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) and contributes to Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus. This plexus is located on the anterior inferior quadrant of the nasal septum (\u2018Little\u2019s area\u2019) and is a common site for epistaxis. It is supplied by five vessels: the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left), [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left), greater palatine, [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left), and [posterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.posterior_lateral_nasal.right.left", "name": "Posterior lateral nasal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior lateral nasal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior lateral nasal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior lateral nasal artery (or lateral [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left)): this vessel sometimes originates from the [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left). It supplies the middle and inferior turbinates and maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. It may anastomose with branches of the [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left), nasal branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left), and ethmoidal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left", "name": "Pterygovaginal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygovaginal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pterygovaginal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: third maxillary segment proximal to the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left). It sometimes shares a common trunk with the artery of the pterygoid/[vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) or the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left).\n\nCourse: posteromedially and inferiorly through the pharyngeal (pterygovaginal) canal to supply the roof of pharynx and pharyngeal end of the Eustachian tube.\n\nAnastomoses: branches of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), vidian artery, and [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) (pharyngeal/Eustachian tube anastomosis)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "name": "Vidian artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.vidian_eca_ica.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vidian", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vidian left" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9 MPR: canal-guided course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: posterosuperiorly from the third maxillary segment. It may share a common origin with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left) or the pharyngeal artery.\n\nIt supplies the mucosa of the pterygopalatine fossa and nasopharyngeal cavity.\n\nCourse: the vessel has a horizontal course, running posterolaterally through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) accompanied by the vidian nerve to reach the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) where it anastomoses with the other vidian artery arising from the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous). Along its course it gives off mucosal branches to the nasal and oropharyngeal cavities and osseous branches within the [pterygoid canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) and Eustachian tube.\n\nAnastomoses: [vidian artery of the ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left), [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left), mandibular artery, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) ([superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left)), [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left), and [ascending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left) arteries (the pharyngeal/Eustachian tube anastomosis)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left", "name": "Artery of the foramen rotundum left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.foramen_rotundum_ilt.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Artery of foramen rotundum", "Maxillary", "ECA", "Artery of foramen rotundum artery left", "Artery of foramen rotundum artery", "Artery of the foramen rotundum" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Artery of foramen rotundum left" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9: foraminal course; no hypertrophied cavernous feeder reproduced. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Redirected through the visible sphenoid opening; course is a teaching reconstruction.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: posterosuperiorly from the third maxillary segment. It courses posteriorly accompanied by the maxillary nerve, which it supplies, and enters the cranium through the [foramen rotundum](#structure-landmark.rotundum.left) to supply dura mater. It has a characteristic corkscrew appearance.\n\nAnastomoses: there is an important anastomosis with the [anterolateral branch of the ILT](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.left) (from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous))." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left", "name": "Accessory meningeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.left", "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Accessory meningeal", "Maxillary", "ECA" ], "color": "#5bd2cb", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Redirected through the visible sphenoid opening; course is a teaching reconstruction.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: this artery has an oblique anterior and medial slant, arising anterosuperiorly from the first segment of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) or from the extracranial [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left). It supplies the CNs, the pharynx, the Eustachian tube, meninges and has several important anastomoses." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "name": "Middle meningeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right.left", "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle meningeal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle meningeal left" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 4.3b (PDF p96), with axial/sagittal MPR cross-checks. Manual DSA pixel trace fitted to the atlas skull; mirrored from left to right; transverse depth estimated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Spinosum region posterolateral to visible ovale; small spinosum lumen not resolved.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The middle meningeal artery supplies more than two-thirds of the cranial dura.\n\nOrigin: the MMA arises from the superomedial surface of the first segment of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left). Often it shares a common trunk with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left). The MMA may also rarely originate from the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) (the \u2018recurrent meningeal artery\u2019), the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous) via the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left), the [petrosal ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous) via the persistent stapedial or vidian arteries, the [cervical ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cervical), the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) (usually distal third), or the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left).\n\nExtracranial segment: the artery passes superiorly and medially and enters the cranial cavity via the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.left).\n\nHorizontal segment: it then turns abruptly laterally and runs horizontally giving off wispy petrosal and cavernous sinus branches. The vessel continues to reach the petrosquamous suture, delivering a [petrosquamosal branch](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left).\n\nTemporal segment: it then courses anteriorly on the greater wing of the sphenoid to reach the pterion (the convergence of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones).\n\nPterional segment: this segment curves around the pterion.\n\nCoronal segment: this segment runs superomedially along the coronal suture towards the midline, becoming the paramedian artery supplying the superior sagittal sinus." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right.left", "name": "MMA frontal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.mma_frontal_anterior_division.right.left", "artery.eca.mma_frontal_posterior_division.right.left", "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA frontal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA frontal left" }, "notes": "Kiyosue Fig 5.8b (PDF p122), selective MMA, parasagittal meningioma. Manual pixel trace of the arterial course; tumour supply and absolute calibre excluded. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior convexity branches: these originate from the temporal, pterional, and coronal segments and course medially along the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. There are important anastomoses with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left). The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) may be the sole supply of the orbit (the \u2018meningo-ophthalmic artery\u2019) or supply the lacrimal gland and lateral orbit via a recurrent branch traversing the [foramen of Hyrtl](#structure-landmark.cranio-orbital.left) (found in the spheno-orbital foramen, in the orbital roof). This latter branch usually also has [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) anastomoses. Anterior branches from the coronal segment anastomose with the [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left) branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_frontal_anterior_division.right.left", "name": "MMA frontal anterior division left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA frontal anterior division", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA frontal anterior division left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b: frontal branching, inner table constrained. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_frontal_posterior_division.right.left", "name": "MMA frontal posterior division left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA frontal posterior division", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA frontal posterior division left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b: adapted convexity course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right.left", "name": "MMA posterior convexity artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right.left", "artery.eca.mma_posterior_terminal.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA posterior convexity", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA posterior convexity left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b and 5.9b; tumour-directed distal branches excluded. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior convexity branches: a variable number of posterior branches arise from the temporal and coronal segments, and the petrosquamosal branches, supplying a large region of convexity dura mater. Note that all peripheral branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) have potential anastomoses with more superficial arteries such as the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) and [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) via transosseous branches, which become evident under pathological conditions, in particular, dural arteriovenous fistulas. There are also potential anastomoses with dural branches of cortical arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right.left", "name": "MMA parietal ascending artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA parietal ascending", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA parietal ascending left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b; irregular ascending convexity course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_posterior_terminal.right.left", "name": "MMA posterior terminal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA posterior terminal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA posterior terminal left" }, "notes": "Figs 4.3b, 5.8b; posterior convexity course adapted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "name": "MMA petrosquamosal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_marginal.left", "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_pca_dural.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA petrosquamosal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA petrosquamosal left" }, "notes": "Fig 5.9 axial and sagittal MPR, petrosquamosal course. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Petrosquamosal branch: this arises from the horizontal segment slightly more distally than the petrosal branches. On the lateral view it can be difficult to distinguish from the petrosal branches, but this is easy on anteroposterior (AP) views as the petrosquamosal is directed laterally (and is usually more prominent) whereas the petrosal branches course medially and are wispy." }, { "id": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "name": "MMA petrosal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "artery.connection.facial_nerve_arcade.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA petrosal", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA petrosal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Petrosal branches: these arise posteriorly at the level of the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.left) from the proximal horizontal segment. The branches should be protected during embolisation particularly because the superficial petrosal branch passes through the facial nerve canal contributing to the facial arcade to supply the facial nerve. They run medially to supply regional dura mater. The proximal petrosal branch, immediately distal to the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.left), supplies the cavernous sinus, trigeminal nerve, and Gasserian ganglion and anastomoses with the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left). This artery also supplies the [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left) cavity and anastomoses in the tympanic cavity with the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left) (another petrosal branch supplying the tensor tympani muscle and superior part of the tympanic cavity), [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left), subarcuate (anterior inferior cerebellar branch) arteries, and the tubal branch of the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left). There are also numerous important anastomoses including with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left), tentorial arteries from the inferolateral or MHTs of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), dural branches from the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) and [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right.left", "name": "MMA cavernous artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.left", "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA cavernous", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA cavernous left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Cavernous sinus branches: anterior and posterior branches originate from the horizontal segment to supply the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. The anterior branch runs anteromedially to supply the anterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left). The posterior branch is directed posteromedially to supply the posterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the medial clival artery and the carotid branch of the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "name": "MMA orbital artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.mma_lacrimal__meningolacrimal.left", "artery.connection.mma_ophthalmic__recurrent_meningeal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA orbital", "MMA", "ECA" ], "color": "#8eacff", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA orbital left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.0: Moved with its parent attachment or fitted to the inner cranial surface.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) may be the sole supply of the orbit (the meningo-ophthalmic artery) or supply the lacrimal gland and lateral orbit via a recurrent branch traversing the [foramen of Hyrtl](#structure-landmark.cranio-orbital.left). This latter branch usually also has [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) anastomoses." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.right.left", "name": "Ascending pharyngeal artery left", "parent": "artery.carotid.external.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.left", "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ascending pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ascending pharyngeal left" }, "notes": "Figs 3.13 and 3.16: ascending trunk. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Supply: nasopharynx, Eustachian tube, middle ear, oropharynx, soft palate, abducens, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves.\n\nOrigin: this long needle-thin artery arises posteromedially from the proximal [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left), close to the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) origin, sometimes sharing an origin. It can also arise from a common trunk with the lingual and facial arteries, the carotid bifurcation, internal carotid, or ascending cervical artery. There are numerous potential anastomoses with the vertebrobasilar artery and [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left).\n\nCourse: it runs straight up medial to the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), giving off small muscular branches before dividing into anterior pharyngeal and posterior neuromeningeal trunks." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left", "name": "Pharyngeal trunk left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.inferior_pharyngeal.right.left", "artery.eca.middle_pharyngeal.right.left", "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pharyngeal trunk", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pharyngeal trunk left" }, "notes": "Figs 3.13, 3.16: pharyngeal branch. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal branches: these branches supply the pharyngeal submucosal spaces and contribute to a rich anastomotic network with the contralateral [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) and [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.inferior_pharyngeal.right.left", "name": "Inferior pharyngeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior pharyngeal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior branch, also of importance in post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage, courses anteroinferiorly and supplies the oropharynx. It may anastomose with the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.middle_pharyngeal.right.left", "name": "Middle pharyngeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle pharyngeal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The middle branch is directed anteromedially and supplies the nasopharynx and soft palate. It is an important source of bleeding in refractory epistaxis and post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. It may anastomose with the [pterygovaginal](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left), [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left), and descending and greater palatine arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left", "name": "Superior pharyngeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior pharyngeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior pharyngeal left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior branch is directed upwards and supplies the nasopharynx and soft palate. It anastomoses with the [artery of the pterygoid canal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left) and middle meningeal and [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) arteries (from the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)), and the vidian and mandibular arteries ([ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) cavernous segment). The superior branch gives off Eustachian tube and carotid branches. The former supplies the Eustachian tube and submucosa of the fossa of Rosenm\u00fcller while the latter traverses the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) to anastomose with the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left) ([inferolateral trunk](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) ([ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left)) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), both ipsilateral and contralateral)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left", "name": "Neuromeningeal trunk left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Neuromeningeal trunk", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Neuromeningeal trunk left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16b,c,d: neuromeningeal ascent. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The neuromeningeal trunk is important because of its supply of cranial nerves. It may also arise from the occipital or [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left) arteries. The trunk bifurcates into jugular and hypoglossal branches." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left", "name": "Hypoglossal branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Hypoglossal branch", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Hypoglossal branch left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16b,c: medial turn then posterior canal course; Fig 3.10 anatomical cross-check. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The hypoglossal branch is more posterior, inferior, and medial and enters the cranium through the [hypoglossal canal](#structure-landmark.hypoglossal.left) to supply the hypoglossal nerve and meninges. A medial branch runs over the medial clivus and anastomoses with the [medial clival artery (MHT of the ICA)](#structure-artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.left). A descending branch anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and forms the odontoid arch arcade, together with bilateral C3 radicular branches of the vertebral arteries. Posterior branches course inferomedially along the floor of the posterior fossa, medially as the [artery of the falx cerebelli](#structure-artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left) and laterally as the posterior meningeal artery. Both of these may also arise from the vertebral or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left). Rarely, the [posterior inferior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) ([PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)) may arise from the hypoglossal artery." }, { "id": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left", "name": "Medial clival artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.apha_clival_mht.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial clival", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial clival left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.13c and Fig 3.16: clival ascent; calibre estimated. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A medial branch of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left) runs over the medial clivus and anastomoses with the [medial clival artery from the MHT](#structure-artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.left) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "name": "Odontoid descending artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.apha_odontoid_vertebral.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Odontoid descending", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Odontoid descending left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A descending branch of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left) anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and forms the odontoid arch arcade, together with bilateral C3 radicular branches of the vertebral arteries." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "name": "Hypoglossal posterior meningeal artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left", "artery.connection.apa_tentorial_sca_dural.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Hypoglossal posterior meningeal", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Hypoglossal posterior meningeal left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16c2: posterior fossa course; tumour/fistula supply excluded. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left) course inferomedially along the floor of the posterior fossa, medially as the [artery of the falx cerebelli](#structure-artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left) and laterally as the posterior meningeal artery. Both of these may also arise from the vertebral or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left", "name": "Jugular branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left", "children": [ "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right.left", "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Jugular branch", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Jugular branch left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16b,c: superolateral jugular route. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The jugular branch is the more superior and lateral division of the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left) and enters the cranium through the [jugular foramen](#structure-landmark.jugular-foramen.left).\n\nIt supplies the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves in addition to meninges. It has an ascending medial branch that accompanies the inferior petrosal sinus and anastomoses with the [lateral clival artery (meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT))](#structure-artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left). Clival branches also anastomose with branches of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) and other clival branches of the [meningohypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left) and can supply the abducens nerve in Dorello\u2019s canal. A sigmoid branch accompanies the sigmoid and transverse sinuses and anastomoses with the middle meningeal and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left). An additional ascending branch supplies dura mater of the internal auditory canal and may anastomose with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posterior meningeal artery may originate from the jugular branch." }, { "id": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "name": "Lateral clival artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.lateral_clival_apa_mht.left", "artery.connection.lateral_clival_recurrent_ilt.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral clival", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral clival left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.13c, 3.16: inferior petrosal/clival relationship. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "An ascending medial branch of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) accompanies the inferior petrosal sinus and anastomoses with the [lateral clival artery from the MHT](#structure-artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left). Clival branches also anastomose with branches of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) and other clival branches of the [meningohypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left) and can supply the abducens nerve in Dorello\u2019s canal." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right.left", "name": "Jugular sigmoid branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Jugular sigmoid branch", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Jugular sigmoid branch left" }, "notes": "Fig 3.16: sigmoid route; fistulous terminal enlargement omitted. Visually adapted 3D course; unmeasured depth. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A sigmoid branch of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) accompanies the sigmoid and transverse sinuses and anastomoses with the middle meningeal and [occipital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "name": "Inferior tympanic artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.inferior_tympanic_caroticotympanic.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior tympanic", "APhA", "ECA" ], "color": "#ca94ee", "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided course; calibre and depth estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020", "ref.borden2006", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior tympanic left" }, "notes": "Draft 01, Kiyosue chapters 1\u20135. Course retained; attachment and taper updated. Illustrative nonuniform profile; no calibrated patient diameter measurement. Draft 03 joins and locally rounds branch surfaces. Named display parts share open interfaces; the complete tree is a closed surface. This remains reference reconstruction, not patient segmentation. Left course uses the right template with independent fitting to left bone. Calibre is illustrative. Geometry update v0.7.2: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA. Geometry update v0.7.3: Branch course and shared junction updated with the corrected ICA.", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior tympanic artery branch of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) travels with Jacobson\u2019s nerve through the inferior tympanic foramen, anastomosing with other tympanic ([anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left)) and surrounding arteries within the middle ear including the [caroticotympanic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left), a [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous) branch.\n\nThe [caroticotympanic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) is normally a tiny branch of the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous) but may enlarge and form the anatomical variant of the \u2018aberrant [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left)\u2019 in the absence of normal [cervical ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cervical) development." }, { "id": "bone.maxillary-alveolar-process-left", "name": "Maxillary alveolar process left", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "jaw", "alveolar", "craniofacial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "maxillary-alveolar-process-left" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#d9d1c0" }, { "id": "bone.maxillary-alveolar-process-right", "name": "Maxillary alveolar process right", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "jaw", "alveolar", "craniofacial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "maxillary-alveolar-process-right" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#d9d1c0" }, { "id": "bone.mandibular-condyle-left", "name": "Mandibular condyle left", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "jaw", "alveolar", "craniofacial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "mandibular-condyle-left" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#d9d1c0" }, { "id": "bone.mandibular-condyle-right", "name": "Mandibular condyle right", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "jaw", "alveolar", "craniofacial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "mandibular-condyle-right" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#d9d1c0" }, { "id": "bone.mandibular-alveolar-process", "name": "Mandibular alveolar process", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "jaw", "alveolar", "craniofacial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "mandibular-alveolar-process" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#d9d1c0" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-48", "name": "Tooth 48 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "48" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-48" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-47", "name": "Tooth 47 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "47" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-47" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-46", "name": "Tooth 46 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "46" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-46" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-45", "name": "Tooth 45 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "45" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-45" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-44", "name": "Tooth 44 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "44" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-44" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-43", "name": "Tooth 43 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "43" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-43" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-42", "name": "Tooth 42 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "42" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-42" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-41", "name": "Tooth 41 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "41" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-41" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-38", "name": "Tooth 38 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "38" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-38" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-37", "name": "Tooth 37 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "37" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-37" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-36", "name": "Tooth 36 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "36" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-36" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-35", "name": "Tooth 35 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "35" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-35" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-34", "name": "Tooth 34 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "34" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-34" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-33", "name": "Tooth 33 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "33" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-33" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-32", "name": "Tooth 32 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "32" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-32" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-31", "name": "Tooth 31 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "31" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-31" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-28", "name": "Tooth 28 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "28" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-28" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-27", "name": "Tooth 27 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "27" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-27" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-26", "name": "Tooth 26 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "26" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-26" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-25", "name": "Tooth 25 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "25" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-25" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-24", "name": "Tooth 24 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "24" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-24" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-23", "name": "Tooth 23 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "23" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-23" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-22", "name": "Tooth 22 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "22" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-22" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-21", "name": "Tooth 21 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "21" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-21" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-18", "name": "Tooth 18 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-18" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-17", "name": "Tooth 17 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-17" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-16", "name": "Tooth 16 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-16" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-15", "name": "Tooth 15 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-15" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-14", "name": "Tooth 14 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-14" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-13", "name": "Tooth 13 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-13" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-12", "name": "Tooth 12 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "12" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-12" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "bone.tooth-11", "name": "Tooth 11 (FDI)", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "teeth", "dental", "11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "atlas-derived", "confidence": "Original dental/skull source coordinates; tooth roots and small canals remain atlas representations", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "legacy.bodyparts3d" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/craniofacial.glb", "node": "tooth-11" }, "notes": "Restored from the original dental source in the same physical coordinates.", "color": "#eee6d3" }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_lacrimal__meningolacrimal.right", "name": "MMA\u2013lacrimal (meningolacrimal) right", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA\u2013lacrimal (meningolacrimal) right" }, "notes": "Potential meningolacrimal route through the cranio-orbital canal; canal geometry unresolved. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right" ], "description": "Meningolacrimal artery: partial supply only of the lacrimal gland from the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) via the [foramen of Hyrtl](#structure-landmark.cranio-orbital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_ophthalmic__recurrent_meningeal.right", "name": "MMA\u2013ophthalmic (recurrent meningeal) right", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA\u2013ophthalmic (recurrent meningeal) right" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X01" ], "description": "The [recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right) courses through the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right) to connect with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.angular_dorsal_nasal.right", "name": "Angular\u2013dorsal nasal right", "parent": "artery.eca.angular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Angular\u2013dorsal nasal right" }, "notes": "Potential facial\u2013ophthalmic connection at the medial canthus. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.angular.right", "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_right" ], "description": "Anastomoses to the distal [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) include the distal [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) via the [dorsal nasal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_right).\n\n[Angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right): if present, this is the terminal branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right). It may also originate from the ophthalmic or [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right). The vessel courses in the nasojugal fold giving off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery ([lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right)) to form the palpebral arcade. There are anastomoses with the ophthalmic, [lateral nasal](#structure-artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right), and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) in addition to its counterpart across the midline." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_supraorbital.right", "name": "STA\u2013supraorbital right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013supraorbital right" }, "notes": "Potential scalp arcade; calibre and exact course illustrative. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right", "artery.anterior.supraorbital_right" ], "description": "The [frontal division of the STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right) anastomoses with the supraorbital and frontal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.infraorbital_ophthalmic.right", "name": "Infraorbital\u2013ophthalmic right", "parent": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Infraorbital\u2013ophthalmic right" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.right" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X05" ], "description": "Anastomoses: the terminal branches anastomose with the superficial temporal, ophthalmic, facial, and [transverse facial](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right) arteries.\n\nThe [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) gives off osseous and muscular branches on the orbital floor, anastomosing with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.foramen_rotundum_ilt.right", "name": "Foramen rotundum\u2013ILT right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Foramen rotundum\u2013ILT right" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.right" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X02" ], "description": "The [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right) from the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) connects to the [anterolateral branch of the ILT](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.right) and, in rare instances, with the lateral clival artery." }, { "id": "artery.connection.accessory_meningeal_ilt.right", "name": "Accessory meningeal\u2013ILT right", "parent": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal\u2013ILT right" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.right" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X03" ], "description": "The superior division of the [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) enters the cavernous sinus through the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.right) to connect with the [posteromedial branch of the ILT](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.right), which runs beneath the trigeminal ganglion and along the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_cavernous_ilt.right", "name": "MMA cavernous\u2013ILT right", "parent": "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA cavernous\u2013ILT right" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.right" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X04" ], "description": "After entering the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.right), the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) has cavernous branches that connect with the superior or tentorial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right), and orbital branches that anastomose within the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right) with the anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.vidian_eca_ica.right", "name": "Vidian ECA\u2013ICA right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "petrous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Vidian ECA\u2013ICA right" }, "notes": "Potential vidian connection across the pterygoid-canal/lacerum region. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right" ], "description": "The vidian artery, running horizontally, arises from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) and runs through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) to the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right), where it meets the [vidian branch of the mandibulovidian artery](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right) from the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.inferior_tympanic_caroticotympanic.right", "name": "Inferior tympanic\u2013caroticotympanic right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "petrous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Inferior tympanic\u2013caroticotympanic right" }, "notes": "Potential tympanic connection; does not depict an aberrant ICA variant. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right" ], "description": "The [inferior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) travels with Jacobson\u2019s nerve through the inferior tympanic foramen, anastomosing with other tympanic ([anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right)) and surrounding arteries within the middle ear including the [caroticotympanic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right), a [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous) branch." }, { "id": "artery.connection.deep_temporal_lacrimal.right", "name": "Deep temporal\u2013lacrimal right", "parent": "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Deep temporal\u2013lacrimal right" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right", "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X05" ], "description": "The distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) has anastomoses with the [inferior branch of the lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right) via the [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right) and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.septal_anterior_ethmoidal.right", "name": "Septal\u2013anterior ethmoidal right", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "ethmoidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Septal\u2013anterior ethmoidal right" }, "notes": "Potential septal network linking sphenopalatine and anterior ethmoidal territories. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right" ], "description": "The [posterior septal artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right) anastomoses with branches of the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right) and [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) and contributes to Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_marginal.right", "name": "MMA\u2013tentorial marginal right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "tentorial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA\u2013tentorial marginal right" }, "notes": "Potential meningeal communication with the marginal tentorial artery. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_right" ], "description": "The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)\u2019s petrosquamous or posterior branch also anastomoses with the [marginal tentorial artery](#structure-artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_right), which may originate from the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right), [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right), or the [MHT](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apha_clival_mht.right", "name": "APhA clival\u2013MHT right", "parent": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "clival" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APhA clival\u2013MHT right" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.right" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "X08" ], "description": "The [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right) divides into jugular and hypoglossal branches, each giving off medial and lateral clival branches which anastomose with clival branches from the [MHT](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right) from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous): important in the vascular supply to meningiomas." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_vertebral_c1.right", "name": "Occipital\u2013vertebral C1 right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "craniocervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue.posterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital\u2013vertebral C1 right" }, "notes": "Potential muscular OA\u2013VA communication at C1; illustrative calibre. Illustrative potential channel, no assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital.right", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_right" ], "description": "The [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right), derived from embryological type I and II proatlantal arteries (C1 and C2 segmental arteries), maintains anastomotic pathways from the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) to the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) via posterior radicular branches at the C1 and C2 levels. These connections serve as major collateral pathways from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) to the carotid system, particularly visible in cases where the common carotid is ligated or occluded." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_descending_vertebral_c2.right", "name": "Occipital descending\u2013vertebral C2 right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "craniocervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue.posterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital descending\u2013vertebral C2 right" }, "notes": "Potential C2 muscular communication; distinct from a persistent proatlantal artery. Illustrative potential channel, no assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_right" ], "description": "The [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right), derived from embryological type I and II proatlantal arteries (C1 and C2 segmental arteries), maintains anastomotic pathways from the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) to the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) via posterior radicular branches at the C1 and C2 levels. These connections serve as major collateral pathways from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) to the carotid system, particularly visible in cases where the common carotid is ligated or occluded." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apha_odontoid_vertebral.right", "name": "APhA odontoid\u2013vertebral right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "craniocervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue.posterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APhA odontoid\u2013vertebral right" }, "notes": "Potential ascending pharyngeal to VA communication through the odontoid arcade. Dens and C2 canal relations estimated. Illustrative potential channel, no assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right" ], "description": "The [prevertebral branch](#structure-artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right), running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right), forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_lacrimal__meningolacrimal.left", "name": "MMA\u2013lacrimal (meningolacrimal) left", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA\u2013lacrimal (meningolacrimal) left" }, "notes": "Potential meningolacrimal route through the cranio-orbital canal; canal geometry unresolved. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left" ], "description": "Meningolacrimal artery: partial supply only of the lacrimal gland from the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) via the [foramen of Hyrtl](#structure-landmark.cranio-orbital.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_ophthalmic__recurrent_meningeal.left", "name": "MMA\u2013ophthalmic (recurrent meningeal) left", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA\u2013ophthalmic (recurrent meningeal) left" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X01" ], "description": "The [recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left) courses through the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left) to connect with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.angular_dorsal_nasal.left", "name": "Angular\u2013dorsal nasal left", "parent": "artery.eca.angular.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Angular\u2013dorsal nasal left" }, "notes": "Potential facial\u2013ophthalmic connection at the medial canthus. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.angular.right.left", "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_left" ], "description": "Anastomoses to the distal [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) include the distal [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) via the [dorsal nasal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_left).\n\n[Angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left): if present, this is the terminal branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left). It may also originate from the ophthalmic or [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left). The vessel courses in the nasojugal fold giving off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery ([lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left)) to form the palpebral arcade. There are anastomoses with the ophthalmic, [lateral nasal](#structure-artery.eca.lateral_nasal.right.left), and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) in addition to its counterpart across the midline." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_supraorbital.left", "name": "STA\u2013supraorbital left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013supraorbital left" }, "notes": "Potential scalp arcade; calibre and exact course illustrative. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left", "artery.anterior.supraorbital_left" ], "description": "The [frontal division of the STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left) anastomoses with the supraorbital and frontal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.infraorbital_ophthalmic.left", "name": "Infraorbital\u2013ophthalmic left", "parent": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Infraorbital\u2013ophthalmic left" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.left" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X05" ], "description": "Anastomoses: the terminal branches anastomose with the superficial temporal, ophthalmic, facial, and [transverse facial](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left) arteries.\n\nThe [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) gives off osseous and muscular branches on the orbital floor, anastomosing with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.foramen_rotundum_ilt.left", "name": "Foramen rotundum\u2013ILT left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Foramen rotundum\u2013ILT left" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.left" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X02" ], "description": "The [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left) from the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) connects to the [anterolateral branch of the ILT](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.left) and, in rare instances, with the lateral clival artery." }, { "id": "artery.connection.accessory_meningeal_ilt.left", "name": "Accessory meningeal\u2013ILT left", "parent": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal\u2013ILT left" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.left" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X03" ], "description": "The superior division of the [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) enters the cavernous sinus through the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.left) to connect with the [posteromedial branch of the ILT](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.left), which runs beneath the trigeminal ganglion and along the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_cavernous_ilt.left", "name": "MMA cavernous\u2013ILT left", "parent": "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA cavernous\u2013ILT left" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.left" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X04" ], "description": "After entering the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.left), the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) has cavernous branches that connect with the superior or tentorial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left), and orbital branches that anastomose within the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left) with the anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.vidian_eca_ica.left", "name": "Vidian ECA\u2013ICA left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "petrous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Vidian ECA\u2013ICA left" }, "notes": "Potential vidian connection across the pterygoid-canal/lacerum region. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left" ], "description": "The vidian artery, running horizontally, arises from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) and runs through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) to the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left), where it meets the [vidian branch of the mandibulovidian artery](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left) from the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.inferior_tympanic_caroticotympanic.left", "name": "Inferior tympanic\u2013caroticotympanic left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "petrous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Inferior tympanic\u2013caroticotympanic left" }, "notes": "Potential tympanic connection; does not depict an aberrant ICA variant. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left" ], "description": "The [inferior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) travels with Jacobson\u2019s nerve through the inferior tympanic foramen, anastomosing with other tympanic ([anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left)) and surrounding arteries within the middle ear including the [caroticotympanic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left), a [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous) branch." }, { "id": "artery.connection.deep_temporal_lacrimal.left", "name": "Deep temporal\u2013lacrimal left", "parent": "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Deep temporal\u2013lacrimal left" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X05" ], "description": "The distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) has anastomoses with the [inferior branch of the lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left) via the [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left) and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.septal_anterior_ethmoidal.left", "name": "Septal\u2013anterior ethmoidal left", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "ethmoidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Septal\u2013anterior ethmoidal left" }, "notes": "Potential septal network linking sphenopalatine and anterior ethmoidal territories. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left" ], "description": "The [posterior septal artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left) anastomoses with branches of the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left) and [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) and contributes to Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_marginal.left", "name": "MMA\u2013tentorial marginal left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "tentorial" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA\u2013tentorial marginal left" }, "notes": "Potential meningeal communication with the marginal tentorial artery. Illustrative potential pathway, not an assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_left" ], "description": "The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)\u2019s petrosquamous or posterior branch also anastomoses with the [marginal tentorial artery](#structure-artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_left), which may originate from the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left), [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left), or the [MHT](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apha_clival_mht.left", "name": "APhA clival\u2013MHT left", "parent": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "clival" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APhA clival\u2013MHT left" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left", "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.left" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "X08" ], "description": "The [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left) divides into jugular and hypoglossal branches, each giving off medial and lateral clival branches which anastomose with clival branches from the [MHT](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left) from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous): important in the vascular supply to meningiomas." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_vertebral_c1.left", "name": "Occipital\u2013vertebral C1 left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "craniocervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue.posterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital\u2013vertebral C1 left" }, "notes": "Potential muscular OA\u2013VA communication at C1; illustrative calibre. Illustrative potential channel, no assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_left" ], "description": "The [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left), derived from embryological type I and II proatlantal arteries (C1 and C2 segmental arteries), maintains anastomotic pathways from the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) to the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) via posterior radicular branches at the C1 and C2 levels. These connections serve as major collateral pathways from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) to the carotid system, particularly visible in cases where the common carotid is ligated or occluded." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_descending_vertebral_c2.left", "name": "Occipital descending\u2013vertebral C2 left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "craniocervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue.posterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital descending\u2013vertebral C2 left" }, "notes": "Potential C2 muscular communication; distinct from a persistent proatlantal artery. Illustrative potential channel, no assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right.left", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_left" ], "description": "The [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left), derived from embryological type I and II proatlantal arteries (C1 and C2 segmental arteries), maintains anastomotic pathways from the [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) to the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) via posterior radicular branches at the C1 and C2 levels. These connections serve as major collateral pathways from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) to the carotid system, particularly visible in cases where the common carotid is ligated or occluded." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apha_odontoid_vertebral.left", "name": "APhA odontoid\u2013vertebral left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "craniocervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue.posterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APhA odontoid\u2013vertebral left" }, "notes": "Potential ascending pharyngeal to VA communication through the odontoid arcade. Dens and C2 canal relations estimated. Illustrative potential channel, no assertion of normal patency or measured calibre.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_left" ], "description": "The [prevertebral branch](#structure-artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left), running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left), forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "landmark.passages", "name": "Foramina and passages", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [ "landmark.region.orbit", "landmark.region.anterior-base", "landmark.region.middle-base", "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "landmark.region.posterior-base", "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "landmark.region.mandible", "landmark.region.vault", "landmark.region.nasal-boundaries", "landmark.region.upper-cervical" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.region.orbit", "name": "Orbit", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.optic-canal.right", "landmark.optic-canal.left", "landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right", "landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left", "landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.right", "landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.left", "landmark.infraorbital-groove.right", "landmark.infraorbital-groove.left", "landmark.infraorbital-foramen.right", "landmark.infraorbital-foramen.left", "landmark.anterior-ethmoidal.right", "landmark.anterior-ethmoidal.left", "landmark.posterior-ethmoidal.right", "landmark.posterior-ethmoidal.left", "landmark.supraorbital.right", "landmark.supraorbital.left", "landmark.supratrochlear.right", "landmark.supratrochlear.left", "landmark.zygomaticofacial.right", "landmark.zygomaticofacial.left", "landmark.zygomaticotemporal.right", "landmark.zygomaticotemporal.left", "landmark.cranio-orbital.right", "landmark.cranio-orbital.left", "landmark.accessory-optic.right", "landmark.accessory-optic.left", "landmark.nasolacrimal.right", "landmark.nasolacrimal.left" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.optic-canal.right", "name": "Optic canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Optic nerve; ophthalmic artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Expected optic canal region, medial to the superior orbital fissure. No continuous lumen was reliably identified in the source mesh; position and course remain estimated.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 13, -29, 74 ], "course": [ [ 11.5, -32, 74 ], [ 13, -27, 73 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbital apex", "contents": "Optic nerve; ophthalmic artery" } }, { "id": "landmark.optic-canal.left", "name": "Optic canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Optic nerve; ophthalmic artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Expected optic canal region, medial to the superior orbital fissure. No continuous lumen was reliably identified in the source mesh; position and course remain estimated.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -11.706, -29, 73.95 ], "course": [ [ -10.206, -32, 73.95 ], [ -11.706, -27, 72.95 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbital apex", "contents": "Optic nerve; ophthalmic artery" } }, { "id": "landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right", "name": "Superior orbital fissure right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "III, IV, VI, V1; superior ophthalmic vein; recurrent meningeal communications" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 21, -26, 68 ], "course": [ [ 20, -33, 66 ], [ 23, -23, 70 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbit", "contents": "III, IV, VI, V1; superior ophthalmic vein; recurrent meningeal communications" } }, { "id": "landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left", "name": "Superior orbital fissure left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "III, IV, VI, V1; superior ophthalmic vein; recurrent meningeal communications" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -19.706, -26, 67.95 ], "course": [ [ -18.706, -33, 65.95 ], [ -21.706, -23, 69.95 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbit", "contents": "III, IV, VI, V1; superior ophthalmic vein; recurrent meningeal communications" } }, { "id": "landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.right", "name": "Inferior orbital fissure right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Infraorbital and zygomatic nerves; infraorbital vessels; orbital venous communications" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 30, -10, 43 ], "course": [ [ 28, -16, 44 ], [ 27, -9, 44 ] ], "connects": "Pterygopalatine/infratemporal fossae to orbit", "contents": "Infraorbital and zygomatic nerves; infraorbital vessels; orbital venous communications" }, "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) ascends on the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and traverses the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit." }, { "id": "landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.left", "name": "Inferior orbital fissure left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Infraorbital and zygomatic nerves; infraorbital vessels; orbital venous communications" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -28.706, -10, 42.95 ], "course": [ [ -26.706, -16, 43.95 ], [ -25.706, -9, 43.95 ] ], "connects": "Pterygopalatine/infratemporal fossae to orbit", "contents": "Infraorbital and zygomatic nerves; infraorbital vessels; orbital venous communications" }, "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) ascends on the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and traverses the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit." }, { "id": "landmark.infraorbital-groove.right", "name": "Infraorbital groove and canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 27.5, 1, 41.8 ], "course": [ [ 27, -9, 44 ], [ 27.5, -1, 42.3 ], [ 27.5, 5, 40.5 ], [ 26.3, 10.8, 36 ] ], "connects": "Orbital floor to anterior maxilla", "contents": "Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein" }, "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) runs forward on the orbital floor in the infraorbital groove, together with the infraorbital nerve and vein, giving off osseous and muscular branches." }, { "id": "landmark.infraorbital-groove.left", "name": "Infraorbital groove and canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -25.206, 1, 41.75 ], "course": [ [ -24.706, -9, 43.95 ], [ -25.206, -1, 42.25 ], [ -25.206, 5, 40.45 ], [ -24.006, 10.8, 35.95 ] ], "connects": "Orbital floor to anterior maxilla", "contents": "Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein" }, "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) runs forward on the orbital floor in the infraorbital groove, together with the infraorbital nerve and vein, giving off osseous and muscular branches." }, { "id": "landmark.infraorbital-foramen.right", "name": "Infraorbital foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Infraorbital neurovascular bundle" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 26.3, 10.8, 36 ], "course": [], "connects": "Infraorbital canal to face", "contents": "Infraorbital neurovascular bundle" }, "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) exits through the infraorbital foramen with the infraorbital nerve and vein to supply the lateral aspect of the nose, upper lip, and lower eyelid." }, { "id": "landmark.infraorbital-foramen.left", "name": "Infraorbital foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Infraorbital neurovascular bundle" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -24.006, 10.8, 35.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Infraorbital canal to face", "contents": "Infraorbital neurovascular bundle" }, "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) exits through the infraorbital foramen with the infraorbital nerve and vein to supply the lateral aspect of the nose, upper lip, and lower eyelid." }, { "id": "landmark.anterior-ethmoidal.right", "name": "Anterior ethmoidal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 12, 5, 68 ], "course": [], "connects": "Medial orbit to anterior cranial fossa/nasal roof", "contents": "Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" } }, { "id": "landmark.anterior-ethmoidal.left", "name": "Anterior ethmoidal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -10.706, 5, 67.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Medial orbit to anterior cranial fossa/nasal roof", "contents": "Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" } }, { "id": "landmark.posterior-ethmoidal.right", "name": "Posterior ethmoidal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 11, -12, 68 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posteromedial orbit to cranial/nasal roof", "contents": "Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" } }, { "id": "landmark.posterior-ethmoidal.left", "name": "Posterior ethmoidal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -9.706, -12, 67.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posteromedial orbit to cranial/nasal roof", "contents": "Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve" } }, { "id": "landmark.supraorbital.right", "name": "Supraorbital notch or foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Supraorbital nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 24, 12, 78 ], "course": [], "connects": "Superior orbital rim to forehead", "contents": "Supraorbital nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.supraorbital.left", "name": "Supraorbital notch or foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Supraorbital nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -22.706, 12, 77.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Superior orbital rim to forehead", "contents": "Supraorbital nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.supratrochlear.right", "name": "Frontal notch / supratrochlear exit right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Supratrochlear nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 13, 15, 76 ], "course": [], "connects": "Superomedial orbital rim to forehead", "contents": "Supratrochlear nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.supratrochlear.left", "name": "Frontal notch / supratrochlear exit left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Supratrochlear nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -11.706, 15, 75.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Superomedial orbital rim to forehead", "contents": "Supratrochlear nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.zygomaticofacial.right", "name": "Zygomaticofacial foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Orbit to malar face", "contents": "Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.zygomaticofacial.left", "name": "Zygomaticofacial foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Orbit to malar face", "contents": "Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.zygomaticotemporal.right", "name": "Zygomaticotemporal foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Zygomaticotemporal nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Orbit to temporal fossa", "contents": "Zygomaticotemporal nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.zygomaticotemporal.left", "name": "Zygomaticotemporal foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Zygomaticotemporal nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Orbit to temporal fossa", "contents": "Zygomaticotemporal nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.cranio-orbital.right", "name": "Cranio-orbital / meningolacrimal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable meningolacrimal artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbit", "contents": "Variable meningolacrimal artery" }, "description": "Meningolacrimal artery: partial supply only of the lacrimal gland from the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) via the foramen of Hyrtl." }, { "id": "landmark.cranio-orbital.left", "name": "Cranio-orbital / meningolacrimal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable meningolacrimal artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbit", "contents": "Variable meningolacrimal artery" }, "description": "Meningolacrimal artery: partial supply only of the lacrimal gland from the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) via the foramen of Hyrtl." }, { "id": "landmark.accessory-optic.right", "name": "Accessory optic canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable separate ophthalmic artery canal" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbit", "contents": "Variable separate ophthalmic artery canal" } }, { "id": "landmark.accessory-optic.left", "name": "Accessory optic canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable separate ophthalmic artery canal" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to orbit", "contents": "Variable separate ophthalmic artery canal" } }, { "id": "landmark.nasolacrimal.right", "name": "Nasolacrimal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Nasolacrimal duct; surrounding small vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 11, 12, 44 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lacrimal fossa to inferior nasal meatus", "contents": "Nasolacrimal duct; surrounding small vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.nasolacrimal.left", "name": "Nasolacrimal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.orbit", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Orbit", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Nasolacrimal duct; surrounding small vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -9.706, 12, 43.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lacrimal fossa to inferior nasal meatus", "contents": "Nasolacrimal duct; surrounding small vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.anterior-base", "name": "Anterior base", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.cribriform.right", "landmark.cribriform.left", "landmark.foramen-caecum.midline" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.cribriform.right", "name": "Cribriform foramina right", "parent": "landmark.region.anterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Olfactory filaments; small vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 4, -3, 71 ], "course": [], "connects": "Nasal roof to anterior cranial fossa", "contents": "Olfactory filaments; small vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.cribriform.left", "name": "Cribriform foramina left", "parent": "landmark.region.anterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Olfactory filaments; small vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -2.706, -3, 70.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Nasal roof to anterior cranial fossa", "contents": "Olfactory filaments; small vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.foramen-caecum.midline", "name": "Foramen caecum", "parent": "landmark.region.anterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Emissary vein when patent" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Nasal region to anterior cranial fossa", "contents": "Emissary vein when patent" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.middle-base", "name": "Middle base", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.rotundum.right", "landmark.rotundum.left", "landmark.ovale.right", "landmark.ovale.left", "landmark.foramen-spinosum.right", "landmark.foramen-spinosum.left", "landmark.foramen-lacerum.right", "landmark.foramen-lacerum.left", "landmark.vesalius.right", "landmark.vesalius.left", "landmark.greater-petrosal-hiatus.right", "landmark.greater-petrosal-hiatus.left", "landmark.lesser-petrosal-hiatus.right", "landmark.lesser-petrosal-hiatus.left" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.rotundum.right", "name": "Foramen rotundum right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "V2; artery of foramen rotundum; emissary veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 16.7, -32, 60 ], "course": [ [ 17, -35, 59.6 ], [ 16.5, -28, 60.5 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to pterygopalatine fossa", "contents": "V2; artery of foramen rotundum; emissary veins" }, "description": "The [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right) courses posteriorly accompanied by the maxillary nerve, which it supplies, and enters the cranium through the foramen rotundum to supply dura mater." }, { "id": "landmark.rotundum.left", "name": "Foramen rotundum left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "V2; artery of foramen rotundum; emissary veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -15.406, -32, 59.95 ], "course": [ [ -15.706, -35, 59.55 ], [ -15.206, -28, 60.45 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to pterygopalatine fossa", "contents": "V2; artery of foramen rotundum; emissary veins" }, "description": "The [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left) courses posteriorly accompanied by the maxillary nerve, which it supplies, and enters the cranium through the foramen rotundum to supply dura mater." }, { "id": "landmark.ovale.right", "name": "Foramen ovale right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "V3; emissary vein; accessory meningeal artery; variable lesser petrosal nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 24, -46, 51 ], "course": [ [ 24, -46, 48 ], [ 24, -46, 53 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa", "contents": "V3; emissary vein; accessory meningeal artery; variable lesser petrosal nerve" }, "description": "The posterior branch of the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) enters the skull through the foramen ovale or [foramen Vesalius](#structure-landmark.vesalius.right). It supplies the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, and dura mater of Meckel\u2019s cave and the middle cranial fossa." }, { "id": "landmark.ovale.left", "name": "Foramen ovale left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "V3; emissary vein; accessory meningeal artery; variable lesser petrosal nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -22.706, -46, 50.95 ], "course": [ [ -22.706, -46, 47.95 ], [ -22.706, -46, 52.95 ] ], "connects": "Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa", "contents": "V3; emissary vein; accessory meningeal artery; variable lesser petrosal nerve" }, "description": "The posterior branch of the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) enters the skull through the foramen ovale or [foramen Vesalius](#structure-landmark.vesalius.left). It supplies the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, and dura mater of Meckel\u2019s cave and the middle cranial fossa." }, { "id": "landmark.foramen-spinosum.right", "name": "Foramen spinosum right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Middle meningeal artery and vein; meningeal branch of V3" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 30, -49, 49.5 ], "course": [ [ 30, -49, 47 ], [ 30, -49, 52 ] ], "connects": "Infratemporal fossa to middle cranial fossa", "contents": "Middle meningeal artery and vein; meningeal branch of V3" }, "description": "The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) enters the cranial cavity via the foramen spinosum. It then turns abruptly laterally and runs horizontally, giving off petrosal and cavernous sinus branches." }, { "id": "landmark.foramen-spinosum.left", "name": "Foramen spinosum left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Middle meningeal artery and vein; meningeal branch of V3" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -28.706, -49, 49.45 ], "course": [ [ -28.706, -49, 46.95 ], [ -28.706, -49, 51.95 ] ], "connects": "Infratemporal fossa to middle cranial fossa", "contents": "Middle meningeal artery and vein; meningeal branch of V3" }, "description": "The [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) enters the cranial cavity via the foramen spinosum. It then turns abruptly laterally and runs horizontally, giving off petrosal and cavernous sinus branches." }, { "id": "landmark.foramen-lacerum.right", "name": "Foramen lacerum right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Small emissary vessels; petrosal nerves cross superior region" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 13, -49, 48 ], "course": [], "connects": "Cartilage-filled skull-base junction; ICA passes above its superior surface", "contents": "Small emissary vessels; petrosal nerves cross superior region" }, "description": "The [petrosal ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous) runs over the cartilage covering the foramen lacerum.\n\nThe [vidian artery from the IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right) runs through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.right) to the foramen lacerum, where it meets the [vidian branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right)." }, { "id": "landmark.foramen-lacerum.left", "name": "Foramen lacerum left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Small emissary vessels; petrosal nerves cross superior region" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -11.706, -49, 47.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Cartilage-filled skull-base junction; ICA passes above its superior surface", "contents": "Small emissary vessels; petrosal nerves cross superior region" }, "description": "The [petrosal ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous) runs over the cartilage covering the foramen lacerum.\n\nThe [vidian artery from the IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left) runs through the [vidian canal](#structure-landmark.pterygoid-canal.left) to the foramen lacerum, where it meets the [vidian branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left)." }, { "id": "landmark.vesalius.right", "name": "Sphenoidal emissary foramen (Vesalius) right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable emissary vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Cavernous sinus to pterygoid plexus", "contents": "Variable emissary vein" }, "description": "The posterior branch of the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) enters the skull through the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.right) or foramen Vesalius. It supplies the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, and dura mater of Meckel\u2019s cave and the middle cranial fossa." }, { "id": "landmark.vesalius.left", "name": "Sphenoidal emissary foramen (Vesalius) left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable emissary vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Cavernous sinus to pterygoid plexus", "contents": "Variable emissary vein" }, "description": "The posterior branch of the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) enters the skull through the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.left) or foramen Vesalius. It supplies the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, and dura mater of Meckel\u2019s cave and the middle cranial fossa." }, { "id": "landmark.greater-petrosal-hiatus.right", "name": "Greater petrosal nerve hiatus right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Greater petrosal nerve; petrosal MMA branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Facial canal to middle cranial fossa", "contents": "Greater petrosal nerve; petrosal MMA branch" } }, { "id": "landmark.greater-petrosal-hiatus.left", "name": "Greater petrosal nerve hiatus left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Greater petrosal nerve; petrosal MMA branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Facial canal to middle cranial fossa", "contents": "Greater petrosal nerve; petrosal MMA branch" } }, { "id": "landmark.lesser-petrosal-hiatus.right", "name": "Lesser petrosal nerve hiatus right", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Lesser petrosal nerve; small vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Tympanic region to middle cranial fossa", "contents": "Lesser petrosal nerve; small vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.lesser-petrosal-hiatus.left", "name": "Lesser petrosal nerve hiatus left", "parent": "landmark.region.middle-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Lesser petrosal nerve; small vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Tympanic region to middle cranial fossa", "contents": "Lesser petrosal nerve; small vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "name": "Temporal bone", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.carotid-canal.right", "landmark.carotid-canal.left", "landmark.caroticotympanic.right", "landmark.caroticotympanic.left", "landmark.internal-acoustic.right", "landmark.internal-acoustic.left", "landmark.facial-canal.right", "landmark.facial-canal.left", "landmark.stylomastoid.right", "landmark.stylomastoid.left", "landmark.external-acoustic.right", "landmark.external-acoustic.left", "landmark.petrotympanic.right", "landmark.petrotympanic.left", "landmark.tympanic-canaliculus.right", "landmark.tympanic-canaliculus.left", "landmark.mastoid-canaliculus.right", "landmark.mastoid-canaliculus.left", "landmark.cochlear-aqueduct.right", "landmark.cochlear-aqueduct.left", "landmark.vestibular-aqueduct.right", "landmark.vestibular-aqueduct.left" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.carotid-canal.right", "name": "Carotid canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Internal carotid artery; sympathetic and venous plexuses" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Corrected v0.7.5: external entry moved out of the jugular-fossa region; initial ascent and anteromedial petrous course. Complete canal lumen remains unresolved. See the separate ICA skull-base landmarks.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 33.7, -56, 42.5 ], "course": [ [ 34.965, -56.578, 35.008 ], [ 34.996, -56.487, 36.362 ], [ 34.934, -56.411, 37.852 ], [ 34.747, -56.332, 39.155 ], [ 34.557, -56.265, 39.908 ], [ 34.322, -56.183, 40.566 ], [ 33.992, -56.066, 41.234 ], [ 33.584, -55.916, 41.836 ], [ 32.489, -55.497, 42.847 ], [ 30.373, -54.668, 43.841 ], [ 28.984, -54.141, 44.263 ], [ 27.613, -53.642, 44.618 ], [ 26.212, -53.166, 44.932 ], [ 24.781, -52.728, 45.194 ], [ 23.373, -52.355, 45.393 ], [ 22.541, -52.161, 45.502 ], [ 21.656, -51.976, 45.64 ], [ 20.818, -51.817, 45.834 ], [ 20.05, -51.682, 46.119 ], [ 19.367, -51.571, 46.522 ] ], "connects": "External skull base through petrous temporal bone to petrous apex", "contents": "Internal carotid artery; sympathetic and venous plexuses" }, "description": "The [petrosal ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous) starts vertically in the carotid canal before turning anteromedially and running over the cartilage covering the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right)." }, { "id": "landmark.carotid-canal.left", "name": "Carotid canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Internal carotid artery; sympathetic and venous plexuses" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Corrected v0.7.5: external entry moved out of the jugular-fossa region; initial ascent and anteromedial petrous course. Complete canal lumen remains unresolved. See the separate ICA skull-base landmarks.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -32.4, -56, 42.4 ], "course": [ [ -33.665, -56.578, 34.908 ], [ -33.695, -56.476, 36.458 ], [ -33.592, -56.389, 38.161 ], [ -33.406, -56.317, 39.245 ], [ -33.199, -56.245, 39.991 ], [ -32.947, -56.157, 40.639 ], [ -32.597, -56.032, 41.292 ], [ -32.169, -55.873, 41.875 ], [ -30.866, -55.37, 42.952 ], [ -28.691, -54.521, 43.866 ], [ -27.459, -54.057, 44.225 ], [ -26.085, -53.562, 44.573 ], [ -24.798, -53.13, 44.855 ], [ -23.364, -52.695, 45.112 ], [ -21.997, -52.336, 45.303 ], [ -21.166, -52.145, 45.412 ], [ -20.283, -51.962, 45.554 ], [ -19.517, -51.817, 45.734 ], [ -18.749, -51.682, 46.02 ], [ -18.067, -51.571, 46.422 ] ], "connects": "External skull base through petrous temporal bone to petrous apex", "contents": "Internal carotid artery; sympathetic and venous plexuses" }, "description": "The [petrosal ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous) starts vertically in the carotid canal before turning anteromedially and running over the cartilage covering the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left)." }, { "id": "landmark.caroticotympanic.right", "name": "Caroticotympanic canaliculi right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Caroticotympanic arteries and nerves" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Carotid canal to tympanic cavity", "contents": "Caroticotympanic arteries and nerves" } }, { "id": "landmark.caroticotympanic.left", "name": "Caroticotympanic canaliculi left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Caroticotympanic arteries and nerves" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Carotid canal to tympanic cavity", "contents": "Caroticotympanic arteries and nerves" } }, { "id": "landmark.internal-acoustic.right", "name": "Internal acoustic meatus right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "VII, VIII; labyrinthine vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 31, -70, 57 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to inner ear / facial canal", "contents": "VII, VIII; labyrinthine vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.internal-acoustic.left", "name": "Internal acoustic meatus left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "VII, VIII; labyrinthine vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -29.706, -70, 56.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to inner ear / facial canal", "contents": "VII, VIII; labyrinthine vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.facial-canal.right", "name": "Facial canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Facial nerve; facial canal vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen", "contents": "Facial nerve; facial canal vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.facial-canal.left", "name": "Facial canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Facial nerve; facial canal vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen", "contents": "Facial nerve; facial canal vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.stylomastoid.right", "name": "Stylomastoid foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Facial nerve; stylomastoid artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 39, -69, 38 ], "course": [], "connects": "Facial canal to external skull base", "contents": "Facial nerve; stylomastoid artery" }, "description": "The [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right) enters the stylomastoid foramen with the facial nerve, which it supplies, contributing to the facial arcade in the temporal bone with the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right)." }, { "id": "landmark.stylomastoid.left", "name": "Stylomastoid foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Facial nerve; stylomastoid artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -37.706, -69, 37.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Facial canal to external skull base", "contents": "Facial nerve; stylomastoid artery" }, "description": "The [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left) enters the stylomastoid foramen with the facial nerve, which it supplies, contributing to the facial arcade in the temporal bone with the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left)." }, { "id": "landmark.external-acoustic.right", "name": "External acoustic meatus right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "External ear canal; local deep auricular supply" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 51, -59, 47 ], "course": [], "connects": "External ear to tympanic membrane", "contents": "External ear canal; local deep auricular supply" } }, { "id": "landmark.external-acoustic.left", "name": "External acoustic meatus left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "External ear canal; local deep auricular supply" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -49.706, -59, 46.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "External ear to tympanic membrane", "contents": "External ear canal; local deep auricular supply" } }, { "id": "landmark.petrotympanic.right", "name": "Petrotympanic fissure right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Chorda tympani; anterior tympanic artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 40, -54, 45 ], "course": [], "connects": "Infratemporal fossa to middle ear", "contents": "Chorda tympani; anterior tympanic artery" }, "description": "The posterior branch of the [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) enters the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic fissure to supply the mucosa of the tympanic cavity and the tympanic membrane." }, { "id": "landmark.petrotympanic.left", "name": "Petrotympanic fissure left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Chorda tympani; anterior tympanic artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -38.706, -54, 44.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Infratemporal fossa to middle ear", "contents": "Chorda tympani; anterior tympanic artery" }, "description": "The posterior branch of the [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) enters the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic fissure to supply the mucosa of the tympanic cavity and the tympanic membrane." }, { "id": "landmark.tympanic-canaliculus.right", "name": "Tympanic canaliculus right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Tympanic branch of IX; inferior tympanic artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Jugular/carotid region to middle ear", "contents": "Tympanic branch of IX; inferior tympanic artery" }, "description": "The [inferior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right) is directed superiorly through the canal of Jacobson ([inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right) canaliculus) to enter the tympanic cavity." }, { "id": "landmark.tympanic-canaliculus.left", "name": "Tympanic canaliculus left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Tympanic branch of IX; inferior tympanic artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Jugular/carotid region to middle ear", "contents": "Tympanic branch of IX; inferior tympanic artery" }, "description": "The [inferior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left) is directed superiorly through the canal of Jacobson ([inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left) canaliculus) to enter the tympanic cavity." }, { "id": "landmark.mastoid-canaliculus.right", "name": "Mastoid canaliculus right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Auricular branch of X" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Jugular fossa towards tympanomastoid fissure", "contents": "Auricular branch of X" } }, { "id": "landmark.mastoid-canaliculus.left", "name": "Mastoid canaliculus left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Auricular branch of X" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Jugular fossa towards tympanomastoid fissure", "contents": "Auricular branch of X" } }, { "id": "landmark.cochlear-aqueduct.right", "name": "Cochlear aqueduct opening right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Perilymphatic duct; vein of cochlear aqueduct" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Cochlea to posterior cranial fossa", "contents": "Perilymphatic duct; vein of cochlear aqueduct" } }, { "id": "landmark.cochlear-aqueduct.left", "name": "Cochlear aqueduct opening left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Perilymphatic duct; vein of cochlear aqueduct" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Cochlea to posterior cranial fossa", "contents": "Perilymphatic duct; vein of cochlear aqueduct" } }, { "id": "landmark.vestibular-aqueduct.right", "name": "Vestibular aqueduct opening right", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Endolymphatic duct; small vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Vestibule to posterior petrous surface", "contents": "Endolymphatic duct; small vein" } }, { "id": "landmark.vestibular-aqueduct.left", "name": "Vestibular aqueduct opening left", "parent": "landmark.region.temporal-bone", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Temporal bone", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Endolymphatic duct; small vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Vestibule to posterior petrous surface", "contents": "Endolymphatic duct; small vein" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "name": "Posterior base", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.jugular-foramen.right", "landmark.jugular-foramen.left", "landmark.hypoglossal.right", "landmark.hypoglossal.left", "landmark.condylar.right", "landmark.condylar.left", "landmark.mastoid-foramen.right", "landmark.mastoid-foramen.left", "landmark.foramen-magnum.midline" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.jugular-foramen.right", "name": "Jugular foramen and fossa right", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "IX, X, XI; sigmoid sinus to IJV; inferior petrosal sinus; meningeal branches" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 28, -72, 39 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to upper neck", "contents": "IX, X, XI; sigmoid sinus to IJV; inferior petrosal sinus; meningeal branches" }, "description": "The [jugular branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) of the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right) enters the cranium through the jugular foramen. It supplies the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves in addition to meninges." }, { "id": "landmark.jugular-foramen.left", "name": "Jugular foramen and fossa left", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "IX, X, XI; sigmoid sinus to IJV; inferior petrosal sinus; meningeal branches" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -26.706, -72, 38.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to upper neck", "contents": "IX, X, XI; sigmoid sinus to IJV; inferior petrosal sinus; meningeal branches" }, "description": "The [jugular branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) of the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left) enters the cranium through the jugular foramen. It supplies the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves in addition to meninges." }, { "id": "landmark.hypoglossal.right", "name": "Hypoglossal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "XII; venous plexus; meningeal arterial branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 17, -71, 31 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to extracranial condylar region", "contents": "XII; venous plexus; meningeal arterial branch" }, "description": "The [hypoglossal branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right) of the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right) enters the cranium through the hypoglossal canal to supply the hypoglossal nerve and meninges." }, { "id": "landmark.hypoglossal.left", "name": "Hypoglossal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "XII; venous plexus; meningeal arterial branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -15.706, -71, 30.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to extracranial condylar region", "contents": "XII; venous plexus; meningeal arterial branch" }, "description": "The [hypoglossal branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left) of the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left) enters the cranium through the hypoglossal canal to supply the hypoglossal nerve and meninges." }, { "id": "landmark.condylar.right", "name": "Condylar canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior condylar emissary vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Sigmoid sinus to suboccipital venous plexus", "contents": "Posterior condylar emissary vein" } }, { "id": "landmark.condylar.left", "name": "Condylar canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior condylar emissary vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Sigmoid sinus to suboccipital venous plexus", "contents": "Posterior condylar emissary vein" } }, { "id": "landmark.mastoid-foramen.right", "name": "Mastoid foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Mastoid emissary vein; meningeal occipital branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Sigmoid sinus to extracranial vessels", "contents": "Mastoid emissary vein; meningeal occipital branch" }, "description": "A large mastoid branch of the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) often enters the cranium through the mastoid foramen to supply the posterior fossa dura mater as the posterior meningeal artery." }, { "id": "landmark.mastoid-foramen.left", "name": "Mastoid foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Mastoid emissary vein; meningeal occipital branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Sigmoid sinus to extracranial vessels", "contents": "Mastoid emissary vein; meningeal occipital branch" }, "description": "A large mastoid branch of the [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) often enters the cranium through the mastoid foramen to supply the posterior fossa dura mater as the posterior meningeal artery." }, { "id": "landmark.foramen-magnum.midline", "name": "Foramen magnum", "parent": "landmark.region.posterior-base", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior base", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Medulla/spinal cord; vertebral and spinal arteries; spinal XI roots; venous plexuses" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 0.65, -85, 31 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior cranial fossa to vertebral canal", "contents": "Medulla/spinal cord; vertebral and spinal arteries; spinal XI roots; venous plexuses" }, "description": "The V4 segment of the vertebral artery pierces the atlanto-occipital membrane to become intradural, entering the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum." }, { "id": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "name": "Pterygopalatine region", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.pterygomaxillary.right", "landmark.pterygomaxillary.left", "landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right", "landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left", "landmark.pterygoid-canal.right", "landmark.pterygoid-canal.left", "landmark.palatovaginal.right", "landmark.palatovaginal.left", "landmark.vomerovaginal.right", "landmark.vomerovaginal.left" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.pterygomaxillary.right", "name": "Pterygomaxillary fissure right", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Maxillary artery; posterior superior alveolar branches; veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 28, -22, 38 ], "course": [], "connects": "Infratemporal fossa to pterygopalatine fossa", "contents": "Maxillary artery; posterior superior alveolar branches; veins" } }, { "id": "landmark.pterygomaxillary.left", "name": "Pterygomaxillary fissure left", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Maxillary artery; posterior superior alveolar branches; veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -26.706, -22, 37.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Infratemporal fossa to pterygopalatine fossa", "contents": "Maxillary artery; posterior superior alveolar branches; veins" } }, { "id": "landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right", "name": "Sphenopalatine foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Sphenopalatine vessels; posterior superior nasal nerves" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 12, -17, 43 ], "course": [], "connects": "Pterygopalatine fossa to nasal cavity", "contents": "Sphenopalatine vessels; posterior superior nasal nerves" }, "description": "The [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right) passes medially through the sphenopalatine foramen to enter the nasal cavity, which it supplies in addition to the paranasal sinuses." }, { "id": "landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left", "name": "Sphenopalatine foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Sphenopalatine vessels; posterior superior nasal nerves" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -10.706, -17, 42.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Pterygopalatine fossa to nasal cavity", "contents": "Sphenopalatine vessels; posterior superior nasal nerves" }, "description": "The [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left) passes medially through the sphenopalatine foramen to enter the nasal cavity, which it supplies in addition to the paranasal sinuses." }, { "id": "landmark.pterygoid-canal.right", "name": "Pterygoid (Vidian) canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Vidian nerve, artery and vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 10, -33, 47 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lacerum region to pterygopalatine fossa", "contents": "Vidian nerve, artery and vein" }, "description": "The vidian artery, running horizontally, arises from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) and runs through the vidian canal to the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right), where it meets the [vidian branch of the mandibulovidian artery](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right) from the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous)." }, { "id": "landmark.pterygoid-canal.left", "name": "Pterygoid (Vidian) canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Vidian nerve, artery and vein" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -8.706, -33, 46.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lacerum region to pterygopalatine fossa", "contents": "Vidian nerve, artery and vein" }, "description": "The vidian artery, running horizontally, arises from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) and runs through the vidian canal to the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left), where it meets the [vidian branch of the mandibulovidian artery](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left) from the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous)." }, { "id": "landmark.palatovaginal.right", "name": "Palatovaginal / pharyngeal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Pharyngeal nerve and artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 6, -29, 36 ], "course": [], "connects": "Pterygopalatine fossa to nasopharynx", "contents": "Pharyngeal nerve and artery" }, "description": "The pharyngeal ([pterygovaginal](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right)) artery courses posteromedially and inferiorly through the pharyngeal canal to supply the roof of the pharynx and pharyngeal end of the Eustachian tube." }, { "id": "landmark.palatovaginal.left", "name": "Palatovaginal / pharyngeal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Pharyngeal nerve and artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -4.706, -29, 35.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Pterygopalatine fossa to nasopharynx", "contents": "Pharyngeal nerve and artery" }, "description": "The pharyngeal ([pterygovaginal](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left)) artery courses posteromedially and inferiorly through the pharyngeal canal to supply the roof of the pharynx and pharyngeal end of the Eustachian tube." }, { "id": "landmark.vomerovaginal.right", "name": "Vomerovaginal canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable small pharyngeal vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Skull-base pharyngeal/pterygopalatine region", "contents": "Variable small pharyngeal vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.vomerovaginal.left", "name": "Vomerovaginal canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.pterygopalatine-region", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pterygopalatine region", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable small pharyngeal vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Skull-base pharyngeal/pterygopalatine region", "contents": "Variable small pharyngeal vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "name": "Palate and maxilla", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.greater-palatine-canal.right", "landmark.greater-palatine-canal.left", "landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.right", "landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.left", "landmark.lesser-palatine.right", "landmark.lesser-palatine.left", "landmark.incisive-canal.midline", "landmark.superior-alveolar.right", "landmark.superior-alveolar.left", "landmark.canalis-sinuosus.right", "landmark.canalis-sinuosus.left" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.greater-palatine-canal.right", "name": "Greater palatine canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Descending palatine vessels; palatine nerves" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 17, -18, 29 ], "course": [], "connects": "Pterygopalatine fossa to hard palate", "contents": "Descending palatine vessels; palatine nerves" }, "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) enters the greater palatine canal accompanied by the great palatine nerve. Within the canal it gives off the [lesser palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right), which supplies the soft palate." }, { "id": "landmark.greater-palatine-canal.left", "name": "Greater palatine canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Descending palatine vessels; palatine nerves" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -15.706, -18, 28.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Pterygopalatine fossa to hard palate", "contents": "Descending palatine vessels; palatine nerves" }, "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) enters the greater palatine canal accompanied by the great palatine nerve. Within the canal it gives off the [lesser palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right.left), which supplies the soft palate." }, { "id": "landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.right", "name": "Greater palatine foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Greater palatine nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 16, -20, 17 ], "course": [], "connects": "Greater palatine canal to hard palate", "contents": "Greater palatine nerve and vessels" }, "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) becomes the [greater palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.greater_palatine.right) as it exits the canal through the greater palatine foramen. It courses anteriorly beneath the hard palate to supply the hard palate, gingiva, and nasal septum." }, { "id": "landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.left", "name": "Greater palatine foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Greater palatine nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -14.706, -20, 16.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Greater palatine canal to hard palate", "contents": "Greater palatine nerve and vessels" }, "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) becomes the [greater palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left) as it exits the canal through the greater palatine foramen. It courses anteriorly beneath the hard palate to supply the hard palate, gingiva, and nasal septum." }, { "id": "landmark.lesser-palatine.right", "name": "Lesser palatine foramina right", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Lesser palatine nerves and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Palatine canals to soft palate", "contents": "Lesser palatine nerves and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.lesser-palatine.left", "name": "Lesser palatine foramina left", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Lesser palatine nerves and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Palatine canals to soft palate", "contents": "Lesser palatine nerves and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.incisive-canal.midline", "name": "Incisive canal and foramina", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Nasopalatine nerves; terminal sphenopalatine/greater palatine vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 1, 21, 21 ], "course": [], "connects": "Nasal floor to incisive fossa", "contents": "Nasopalatine nerves; terminal sphenopalatine/greater palatine vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.superior-alveolar.right", "name": "Posterior superior alveolar foramina right", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior superior alveolar nerves and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Posterior maxilla to dental canals", "contents": "Posterior superior alveolar nerves and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.superior-alveolar.left", "name": "Posterior superior alveolar foramina left", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior superior alveolar nerves and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Posterior maxilla to dental canals", "contents": "Posterior superior alveolar nerves and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.canalis-sinuosus.right", "name": "Canalis sinuosus right", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Anterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Infraorbital canal to anterior maxillary teeth", "contents": "Anterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.canalis-sinuosus.left", "name": "Canalis sinuosus left", "parent": "landmark.region.palate-and-maxilla", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Palate and maxilla", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Anterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Infraorbital canal to anterior maxillary teeth", "contents": "Anterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.mandible", "name": "Mandible", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.mandibular-foramen.right", "landmark.mandibular-foramen.left", "landmark.mandibular-canal.right", "landmark.mandibular-canal.left", "landmark.mental-foramen.right", "landmark.mental-foramen.left", "landmark.mandibular-incisive.right", "landmark.mandibular-incisive.left", "landmark.lingual-foramina.midline" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.mandibular-foramen.right", "name": "Mandibular foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "v0.7.5: route fitted to the mandibular body and visible entrance/exit depressions. The complete intraosseous canal lumen is not segmented; the canal course remains an estimate.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 35, -37, 12 ], "course": [], "connects": "Medial ramus to mandibular canal", "contents": "Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.mandibular-foramen.left", "name": "Mandibular foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "v0.7.5: route fitted to the mandibular body and visible entrance/exit depressions. The complete intraosseous canal lumen is not segmented; the canal course remains an estimate.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -33.7, -37, 12 ], "course": [], "connects": "Medial ramus to mandibular canal", "contents": "Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.mandibular-canal.right", "name": "Mandibular canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "v0.7.5: route fitted to the mandibular body and visible entrance/exit depressions. The complete intraosseous canal lumen is not segmented; the canal course remains an estimate.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 33.928, -24.826, -10.133 ], "course": [ [ 35.111, -37.162, 11.832 ], [ 35.954, -36.426, 10.763 ], [ 36.269, -35.647, 9.225 ], [ 36.409, -34.954, 7.204 ], [ 36.52, -34.383, 4.984 ], [ 36.605, -33.853, 2.686 ], [ 36.662, -33.285, 0.429 ], [ 36.691, -32.71, -1.382 ], [ 36.697, -31.887, -3.207 ], [ 36.509, -30.932, -4.619 ], [ 36.091, -29.749, -5.962 ], [ 35.522, -28.414, -7.232 ], [ 34.881, -27.002, -8.428 ], [ 34.336, -25.787, -9.391 ], [ 33.783, -24.475, -10.398 ], [ 33.255, -23.219, -11.3 ], [ 32.699, -21.924, -12.163 ], [ 32.118, -20.6, -12.989 ], [ 31.514, -19.255, -13.777 ], [ 30.981, -18.094, -14.422 ], [ 30.343, -16.736, -15.137 ], [ 29.689, -15.384, -15.814 ], [ 29.024, -14.062, -16.456 ], [ 28.325, -12.748, -17.098 ], [ 27.594, -11.431, -17.728 ], [ 26.844, -10.107, -18.329 ], [ 26.191, -8.964, -18.806 ], [ 25.405, -7.578, -19.315 ], [ 24.59, -6.106, -19.753 ], [ 23.825, -4.661, -20.061 ], [ 23.215, -3.41, -20.242 ], [ 22.602, -2.086, -20.384 ], [ 22.066, -0.919, -20.491 ], [ 21.418, 0.443, -20.622 ], [ 20.733, 1.763, -20.782 ], [ 20.0, 3.0, -21.0 ], [ 18.88, 4.607, -21.554 ], [ 17.686, 6.103, -22.354 ], [ 16.624, 7.307, -23.084 ], [ 15.362, 8.634, -23.829 ], [ 14.122, 9.853, -24.372 ], [ 12.87, 10.985, -24.851 ], [ 11.598, 12.048, -25.281 ], [ 10.31, 13.049, -25.663 ], [ 9.0, 14.0, -26.0 ] ], "connects": "Mandibular foramen towards mental/incisive division", "contents": "Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle" }, "description": "The [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right) enters the mandibular canal through an opening on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus and then courses anteroinferiorly and medially towards the [mental foramen](#structure-landmark.mental-foramen.right) on the anterior surface of the mandible." }, { "id": "landmark.mandibular-canal.left", "name": "Mandibular canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "v0.7.5: route fitted to the mandibular body and visible entrance/exit depressions. The complete intraosseous canal lumen is not segmented; the canal course remains an estimate.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -32.628, -24.826, -10.133 ], "course": [ [ -34.06, -37.289, 11.993 ], [ -34.654, -36.53, 10.931 ], [ -34.945, -35.752, 9.468 ], [ -35.087, -35.019, 7.44 ], [ -35.202, -34.433, 5.234 ], [ -35.292, -33.907, 2.955 ], [ -35.354, -33.36, 0.712 ], [ -35.39, -32.707, -1.391 ], [ -35.4, -32.0, -3.0 ], [ -35.252, -31.084, -4.422 ], [ -34.862, -29.929, -5.775 ], [ -34.309, -28.612, -7.055 ], [ -33.674, -27.206, -8.262 ], [ -33.036, -25.787, -9.391 ], [ -32.483, -24.475, -10.398 ], [ -32.032, -23.401, -11.173 ], [ -31.48, -22.111, -12.042 ], [ -30.903, -20.79, -12.874 ], [ -30.302, -19.448, -13.667 ], [ -29.681, -18.094, -14.422 ], [ -29.043, -16.736, -15.137 ], [ -28.389, -15.384, -15.814 ], [ -27.724, -14.062, -16.456 ], [ -27.127, -12.936, -17.006 ], [ -26.4, -11.619, -17.64 ], [ -25.652, -10.297, -18.246 ], [ -24.891, -8.964, -18.806 ], [ -24.105, -7.578, -19.315 ], [ -23.29, -6.106, -19.753 ], [ -22.525, -4.661, -20.061 ], [ -22.002, -3.594, -20.219 ], [ -21.39, -2.278, -20.365 ], [ -20.766, -0.919, -20.491 ], [ -20.118, 0.443, -20.622 ], [ -19.433, 1.763, -20.782 ], [ -18.7, 3.0, -21.0 ], [ -17.58, 4.607, -21.554 ], [ -16.56, 5.896, -22.232 ], [ -15.324, 7.307, -23.084 ], [ -14.062, 8.634, -23.829 ], [ -12.822, 9.853, -24.372 ], [ -11.57, 10.985, -24.851 ], [ -10.298, 12.048, -25.281 ], [ -9.01, 13.049, -25.663 ], [ -7.7, 14.0, -26.0 ] ], "connects": "Mandibular foramen towards mental/incisive division", "contents": "Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle" }, "description": "The [inferior alveolar artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left) enters the mandibular canal through an opening on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus and then courses anteroinferiorly and medially towards the [mental foramen](#structure-landmark.mental-foramen.left) on the anterior surface of the mandible." }, { "id": "landmark.mental-foramen.right", "name": "Mental foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Mental nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "v0.7.5: route fitted to the mandibular body and visible entrance/exit depressions. The complete intraosseous canal lumen is not segmented; the canal course remains an estimate.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 21.5, 7, -19.5 ], "course": [], "connects": "Mandibular canal to chin", "contents": "Mental nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.mental-foramen.left", "name": "Mental foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Mental nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "v0.7.5: route fitted to the mandibular body and visible entrance/exit depressions. The complete intraosseous canal lumen is not segmented; the canal course remains an estimate.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -20.2, 7, -19.5 ], "course": [], "connects": "Mandibular canal to chin", "contents": "Mental nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.mandibular-incisive.right", "name": "Mandibular incisive canal right", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Incisive nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Mandibular canal continuation to anterior teeth", "contents": "Incisive nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.mandibular-incisive.left", "name": "Mandibular incisive canal left", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Incisive nerve and vessels" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Mandibular canal continuation to anterior teeth", "contents": "Incisive nerve and vessels" } }, { "id": "landmark.lingual-foramina.midline", "name": "Lingual and accessory mandibular foramina", "parent": "landmark.region.mandible", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandible", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable sublingual/submental vessels and nerve branches" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Lingual mandibular cortex to intraosseous canals", "contents": "Variable sublingual/submental vessels and nerve branches" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.vault", "name": "Vault", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.parietal-emissary.right", "landmark.parietal-emissary.left", "landmark.occipital-emissary.right", "landmark.occipital-emissary.left", "landmark.diploic.midline" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.parietal-emissary.right", "name": "Parietal emissary foramen right", "parent": "landmark.region.vault", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vault", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Parietal emissary vein; variable meningeal branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Superior sagittal sinus to scalp", "contents": "Parietal emissary vein; variable meningeal branch" } }, { "id": "landmark.parietal-emissary.left", "name": "Parietal emissary foramen left", "parent": "landmark.region.vault", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vault", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Parietal emissary vein; variable meningeal branch" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Superior sagittal sinus to scalp", "contents": "Parietal emissary vein; variable meningeal branch" } }, { "id": "landmark.occipital-emissary.right", "name": "Occipital emissary foramina right", "parent": "landmark.region.vault", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vault", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable occipital emissary veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Occipital dural sinuses to extracranial veins", "contents": "Variable occipital emissary veins" } }, { "id": "landmark.occipital-emissary.left", "name": "Occipital emissary foramina left", "parent": "landmark.region.vault", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vault", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variable occipital emissary veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed.", "landmark": { "status": "variant-unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Occipital dural sinuses to extracranial veins", "contents": "Variable occipital emissary veins" } }, { "id": "landmark.diploic.midline", "name": "Diploic channels and openings", "parent": "landmark.region.vault", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Vault", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Diploic veins" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Diploe to dural and extracranial venous systems", "contents": "Diploic veins" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.nasal-boundaries", "name": "Nasal boundaries", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.piriform.midline", "landmark.choana.right", "landmark.choana.left", "landmark.sinus-ostia.midline" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.piriform.midline", "name": "Piriform aperture", "parent": "landmark.region.nasal-boundaries", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Nasal boundaries", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Anterior nasal airway boundary" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 0.65, 24, 40 ], "course": [], "connects": "Face to anterior nasal cavity", "contents": "Anterior nasal airway boundary" } }, { "id": "landmark.choana.right", "name": "Choana right", "parent": "landmark.region.nasal-boundaries", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Nasal boundaries", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior nasal airway boundary" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 9, -29, 30 ], "course": [], "connects": "Nasal cavity to nasopharynx", "contents": "Posterior nasal airway boundary" } }, { "id": "landmark.choana.left", "name": "Choana left", "parent": "landmark.region.nasal-boundaries", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Nasal boundaries", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Posterior nasal airway boundary" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -7.706, -29, 29.95 ], "course": [], "connects": "Nasal cavity to nasopharynx", "contents": "Posterior nasal airway boundary" } }, { "id": "landmark.sinus-ostia.midline", "name": "Paranasal sinus ostia", "parent": "landmark.region.nasal-boundaries", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Nasal boundaries", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Sinus drainage openings; not main arterial conduits" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review.", "landmark": { "status": "unresolved", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Paranasal sinuses to nasal meatuses / sphenoethmoidal recess", "contents": "Sinus drainage openings; not main arterial conduits" } }, { "id": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "name": "Upper cervical", "parent": "landmark.passages", "children": [ "landmark.transverse-foramina.right", "landmark.transverse-foramina.left", "landmark.atlas-groove.right", "landmark.atlas-groove.left", "landmark.arcuate-foramen.right", "landmark.arcuate-foramen.left" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.transverse-foramina.right", "name": "Cervical transverse foramina right", "parent": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Upper cervical", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Vertebral artery usually C6 to C1; vertebral venous plexus" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Registered cervical bone is absent, so this route cannot be fitted to a bony passage.", "landmark": { "status": "bone-unavailable", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Serial transverse processes", "contents": "Vertebral artery usually C6 to C1; vertebral venous plexus" } }, { "id": "landmark.transverse-foramina.left", "name": "Cervical transverse foramina left", "parent": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Upper cervical", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Vertebral artery usually C6 to C1; vertebral venous plexus" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Registered cervical bone is absent, so this route cannot be fitted to a bony passage.", "landmark": { "status": "bone-unavailable", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Serial transverse processes", "contents": "Vertebral artery usually C6 to C1; vertebral venous plexus" } }, { "id": "landmark.atlas-groove.right", "name": "Atlas vertebral artery groove right", "parent": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Upper cervical", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Vertebral V3 and suboccipital nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Registered cervical bone is absent, so this route cannot be fitted to a bony passage.", "landmark": { "status": "bone-unavailable", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "C1 transverse foramen to dural entry", "contents": "Vertebral V3 and suboccipital nerve" }, "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) imprints a groove on the posterior arch of the atlas, which may rarely form a bony ring called the [arcuate foramen](#structure-landmark.arcuate-foramen.right) (a possible risk factor for paediatric ischaemic stroke)." }, { "id": "landmark.atlas-groove.left", "name": "Atlas vertebral artery groove left", "parent": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Upper cervical", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Vertebral V3 and suboccipital nerve" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Registered cervical bone is absent, so this route cannot be fitted to a bony passage.", "landmark": { "status": "bone-unavailable", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "C1 transverse foramen to dural entry", "contents": "Vertebral V3 and suboccipital nerve" }, "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) imprints a groove on the posterior arch of the atlas, which may rarely form a bony ring called the [arcuate foramen](#structure-landmark.arcuate-foramen.left) (a possible risk factor for paediatric ischaemic stroke)." }, { "id": "landmark.arcuate-foramen.right", "name": "Arcuate foramen (when present) right", "parent": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Upper cervical", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variant passage for vertebral artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Registered cervical bone is absent, so this route cannot be fitted to a bony passage.", "landmark": { "status": "bone-unavailable", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Bony bridge over C1 vertebral groove", "contents": "Variant passage for vertebral artery" }, "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) imprints a groove on the posterior arch of the atlas, which may rarely form a bony ring called the arcuate foramen." }, { "id": "landmark.arcuate-foramen.left", "name": "Arcuate foramen (when present) left", "parent": "landmark.region.upper-cervical", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Upper cervical", "foramen", "opening", "passage", "Variant passage for vertebral artery" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Manual anatomical region; inspect the individual mesh-resolution status.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "foramina-mesh-review-2026" ] }, "notes": "Registered cervical bone is absent, so this route cannot be fitted to a bony passage.", "landmark": { "status": "bone-unavailable", "point": null, "course": [], "connects": "Bony bridge over C1 vertebral groove", "contents": "Variant passage for vertebral artery" }, "description": "The [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) imprints a groove on the posterior arch of the atlas, which may rarely form a bony ring called the arcuate foramen." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.group", "name": "ICA skull-base landmarks", "parent": "bone.skull", "children": [ "landmark.ica.carotid-entry.right", "landmark.ica.carotid-ascending.right", "landmark.ica.carotid-genu.right", "landmark.ica.carotid-horizontal.right", "landmark.ica.carotid-exit.right", "landmark.ica.petrous-apex.right", "landmark.ica.jugular-fossa.right", "landmark.ica.styloid-base.right", "landmark.ica.lingula.right", "landmark.ica.petrolingual.right", "landmark.ica.carotid-sulcus.right", "landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.right", "landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.right", "landmark.ica.optic-strut.right", "landmark.ica.dural-rings.right", "landmark.ica.carotid-entry.left", "landmark.ica.carotid-ascending.left", "landmark.ica.carotid-genu.left", "landmark.ica.carotid-horizontal.left", "landmark.ica.carotid-exit.left", "landmark.ica.petrous-apex.left", "landmark.ica.jugular-fossa.left", "landmark.ica.styloid-base.left", "landmark.ica.lingula.left", "landmark.ica.petrolingual.left", "landmark.ica.carotid-sulcus.left", "landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.left", "landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.left", "landmark.ica.optic-strut.left", "landmark.ica.dural-rings.left", "landmark.ica.sella.midline", "landmark.ica.dorsum-sellae.midline", "landmark.ica.clivus.midline" ], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "carotid", "petrous", "cavernous", "clinoid" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-entry.right", "name": "External carotid canal opening right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "C1/C2 transition. Entry region anterior and lateral to the jugular fossa and medial to the styloid base. The visible depression is partly capped in the coarse source bone. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 35, -56.5, 35 ], "course": [], "connects": "C1/C2 transition. Entry region anterior and lateral to the jugular fossa and medial to the styloid base. The visible depression is partly capped in the coarse source bone.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-ascending.right", "name": "Ascending petrous carotid canal right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Initial ascending part of C2, before its anteromedial bend. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 35, -56.4, 39 ], "course": [ [ 34.965, -56.578, 35.008 ], [ 34.987, -56.532, 35.622 ], [ 34.996, -56.487, 36.362 ], [ 34.981, -56.448, 37.106 ], [ 34.934, -56.411, 37.852 ], [ 34.846, -56.37, 38.596 ], [ 34.747, -56.332, 39.155 ], [ 34.661, -56.301, 39.535 ], [ 34.576, -56.272, 39.846 ], [ 34.458, -56.231, 40.212 ], [ 34.322, -56.183, 40.566 ], [ 34.167, -56.129, 40.908 ], [ 33.992, -56.066, 41.234 ], [ 33.798, -55.995, 41.544 ], [ 33.584, -55.916, 41.836 ], [ 33.35, -55.828, 42.11 ] ], "connects": "Initial ascending part of C2, before its anteromedial bend.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-genu.right", "name": "Petrous carotid genu right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "C2 bend joining the ascending canal to the anteromedial horizontal canal. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 33.7, -56, 42.5 ], "course": [ [ 34.785, -56.346, 38.964 ], [ 34.72, -56.322, 39.283 ], [ 34.645, -56.296, 39.598 ], [ 34.557, -56.265, 39.908 ], [ 34.458, -56.231, 40.212 ], [ 34.346, -56.192, 40.508 ], [ 34.22, -56.148, 40.796 ], [ 34.082, -56.098, 41.073 ], [ 33.93, -56.044, 41.34 ], [ 33.763, -55.983, 41.594 ], [ 33.584, -55.916, 41.836 ], [ 33.39, -55.843, 42.065 ], [ 32.795, -55.616, 42.622 ], [ 32.0, -55.305, 43.147 ], [ 31.118, -54.959, 43.564 ], [ 29.991, -54.521, 43.966 ] ], "connects": "C2 bend joining the ascending canal to the anteromedial horizontal canal.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-horizontal.right", "name": "Horizontal petrous carotid canal right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "C2 courses anteromedially within the petrous temporal bone towards its apex. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 26.5, -53.6, 44.7 ], "course": [ [ 33.35, -55.828, 42.11 ], [ 32.0, -55.305, 43.147 ], [ 30.373, -54.668, 43.841 ], [ 29.21, -54.225, 44.2 ], [ 28.188, -53.848, 44.475 ], [ 27.149, -53.481, 44.728 ], [ 26.093, -53.128, 44.956 ], [ 25.021, -52.798, 45.154 ], [ 23.934, -52.497, 45.319 ], [ 23.069, -52.282, 45.432 ], [ 22.391, -52.129, 45.522 ], [ 21.728, -51.991, 45.627 ], [ 21.091, -51.867, 45.761 ], [ 20.489, -51.758, 45.94 ], [ 19.93, -51.662, 46.178 ], [ 19.367, -51.571, 46.522 ] ], "connects": "C2 courses anteromedially within the petrous temporal bone towards its apex.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-exit.right", "name": "Internal carotid canal opening right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Petrous-apex exit region. The small source-mesh opening and the complete illustrative artery calibre do not establish a patent canal fit. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ 19.5, -51.8, 44.5 ], "course": [], "connects": "Petrous-apex exit region. The small source-mesh opening and the complete illustrative artery calibre do not establish a patent canal fit.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.petrous-apex.right", "name": "Petrous apex right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Anteromedial end of the petrous temporal bone, beside the lacerum region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 13.841, -51.804, 45.824 ], "course": [], "connects": "Anteromedial end of the petrous temporal bone, beside the lacerum region.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.jugular-fossa.right", "name": "Jugular fossa right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Depression posterior and medial to the carotid entry region. This is an exclusion landmark for the cervical ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 26.949, -64.721, 41.26 ], "course": [], "connects": "Depression posterior and medial to the carotid entry region. This is an exclusion landmark for the cervical ICA.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.styloid-base.right", "name": "Styloid process base right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Bony reference lateral and posterior to the carotid entry region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 39.258, -59.867, 35.488 ], "course": [], "connects": "Bony reference lateral and posterior to the carotid entry region.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.lingula.right", "name": "Sphenoid lingula region right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated sphenoid attachment region of the petrolingual ligament. The small process is not separately resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 16, -49, 53 ], "course": [], "connects": "Estimated sphenoid attachment region of the petrolingual ligament. The small process is not separately resolved.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.petrolingual.right", "name": "Petrolingual boundary (estimated) right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated C3/C4 boundary at the superior edge of the petrolingual ligament. The ligament is not present in the bone mesh. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 16.5, -50.5, 57.5 ], "course": [], "connects": "Estimated C3/C4 boundary at the superior edge of the petrolingual ligament. The ligament is not present in the bone mesh.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" }, "description": "From the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.right) to the petrolingual ligament (approximately the anterior aspect of the petrous ridge).\n\nFrom the petrolingual ligament to the proximal dural ring." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-sulcus.right", "name": "Carotid sulcus of sphenoid right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Bony groove lateral to the sellar body. The cavernous ICA follows the adjacent parasellar space. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 14.655, -37.562, 62.348 ], "course": [], "connects": "Bony groove lateral to the sellar body. The cavernous ICA follows the adjacent parasellar space.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.right", "name": "Posterior clinoid process right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Lateral end of the dorsum sellae, medial to the posterior cavernous ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 8.127, -49.146, 64.663 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lateral end of the dorsum sellae, medial to the posterior cavernous ICA.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.right", "name": "Anterior clinoid process right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Clinoid process over the anterior cavernous bend. C5 ascends medial to this process. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 15.769, -38.757, 70.876 ], "course": [], "connects": "Clinoid process over the anterior cavernous bend. C5 ascends medial to this process.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" }, "description": "The anterior clinoid process is superolateral to the genu of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right). Dural coverage extends medially to the tuberculum sellae from the anterior clinoid process. The dural ring is denser and more tightly adherent superolaterally and slopes inferomedially across the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) so the medial and posterior aspects of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) genu can lie in the subarachnoid space." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.optic-strut.right", "name": "Optic strut region right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated inferior root of the anterior clinoid, between optic canal and superior orbital fissure. A separate strut boundary is not reliably resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 12, -33, 69 ], "course": [], "connects": "Estimated inferior root of the anterior clinoid, between optic canal and superior orbital fissure. A separate strut boundary is not reliably resolved.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.dural-rings.right", "name": "Proximal and distal dural ring region right", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated clinoid C5 region between the dural rings. Dura is not segmented; the clinoid bone provides a regional guide. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 10.6, -41, 73.7 ], "course": [ [ 11.101258808355416, -42.4199372424565, 70.17253836623014 ], [ 11.075246270487973, -42.44384584396449, 70.311019474293 ], [ 11.04757862087742, -42.46906403438261, 70.49736061096255 ], [ 11.028534449009886, -42.48649800502662, 70.68549731321423 ], [ 11.019597158718788, -42.49499559912085, 70.8275418368038 ], [ 11.015672781576763, -42.49986354125783, 71.01809372080284 ], [ 11.020372625577519, -42.498172632100086, 71.2096395599142 ], [ 11.033687158913741, -42.49035052311375, 71.40193046979073 ], [ 11.049466827473765, -42.48062037754951, 71.54650409259587 ], [ 11.077823252124873, -42.463079994577704, 71.73955187919799 ], [ 11.114378167617332, -42.44075219301694, 71.93275165773518 ], [ 11.147332756432693, -42.42099652360569, 72.07764923843256 ], [ 11.176995497695577, -42.40347522410691, 72.19508650526488 ], [ 11.209686640253755, -42.38448362300367, 72.31244937752314 ], [ 11.244841323723783, -42.36435407134062, 72.42973067569774 ], [ 11.272919810742811, -42.34849903574718, 72.51762417399478 ], [ 11.31253195983462, -42.32644062234929, 72.63471746943912 ], [ 11.354525393246291, -42.28763630780768, 72.75169300879743 ], [ 11.39857164364152, -42.20021238638825, 72.86856006173159 ], [ 11.433049616684325, -42.10367137466912, 72.95613148823773 ], [ 11.480859288562362, -41.93606858145807, 73.07279215847949 ], [ 11.530390713091595, -41.72719022727685, 73.18936035952107 ], [ 11.568663206015023, -41.545419408233286, 73.27672952896229 ], [ 11.621050607347561, -41.27243581000352, 73.39315987843513 ], [ 11.674970684718156, -40.96768721145626, 73.50953229405197 ], [ 11.73010077110645, -40.63520570100547, 73.62587312289617 ], [ 11.772249911389835, -40.36989714542521, 73.71311893403798 ], [ 11.829403938435524, -39.99813302695261, 73.82945458284787 ], [ 11.887467230271396, -39.60967927611713, 73.94582037483008 ], [ 11.946282302737663, -39.20884841425253, 74.06223681171014 ] ], "connects": "Estimated clinoid C5 region between the dural rings. Dura is not segmented; the clinoid bone provides a regional guide.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" }, "description": "This segment incorporates the proximal and distal dural rings (the clinoid [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) segment); however, the dural anatomy in the anterior clinoid region is complex, variable, and impossible to reliably define on imaging, making it difficult to differentiate intradural and extradural aneurysms in this region." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-entry.left", "name": "External carotid canal opening left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "C1/C2 transition. Entry region anterior and lateral to the jugular fossa and medial to the styloid base. The visible depression is partly capped in the coarse source bone. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -33.7, -56.5, 34.9 ], "course": [], "connects": "C1/C2 transition. Entry region anterior and lateral to the jugular fossa and medial to the styloid base. The visible depression is partly capped in the coarse source bone.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-ascending.left", "name": "Ascending petrous carotid canal left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Initial ascending part of C2, before its anteromedial bend. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -33.7, -56.4, 38.9 ], "course": [ [ -33.665, -56.578, 34.908 ], [ -33.689, -56.526, 35.61 ], [ -33.695, -56.476, 36.458 ], [ -33.674, -56.44, 37.167 ], [ -33.608, -56.397, 38.02 ], [ -33.485, -56.346, 38.864 ], [ -33.42, -56.322, 39.182 ], [ -33.328, -56.29, 39.56 ], [ -33.239, -56.259, 39.869 ], [ -33.115, -56.216, 40.231 ], [ -32.972, -56.166, 40.582 ], [ -32.839, -56.119, 40.864 ], [ -32.661, -56.055, 41.188 ], [ -32.498, -55.995, 41.445 ], [ -32.283, -55.916, 41.737 ], [ -32.05, -55.828, 42.01 ] ], "connects": "Initial ascending part of C2, before its anteromedial bend.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-genu.left", "name": "Petrous carotid genu left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "C2 bend joining the ascending canal to the anteromedial horizontal canal. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -32.4, -56, 42.4 ], "course": [ [ -33.485, -56.346, 38.864 ], [ -33.42, -56.322, 39.182 ], [ -33.345, -56.296, 39.497 ], [ -33.258, -56.265, 39.807 ], [ -33.158, -56.231, 40.111 ], [ -33.046, -56.192, 40.408 ], [ -32.92, -56.148, 40.696 ], [ -32.782, -56.098, 40.974 ], [ -32.629, -56.043, 41.24 ], [ -32.463, -55.983, 41.495 ], [ -32.283, -55.916, 41.737 ], [ -32.09, -55.843, 41.965 ], [ -31.494, -55.615, 42.523 ], [ -30.698, -55.304, 43.048 ], [ -29.817, -54.958, 43.464 ], [ -28.691, -54.521, 43.866 ] ], "connects": "C2 bend joining the ascending canal to the anteromedial horizontal canal.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-horizontal.left", "name": "Horizontal petrous carotid canal left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "C2 courses anteromedially within the petrous temporal bone towards its apex. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -25.2, -53.6, 44.6 ], "course": [ [ -32.05, -55.828, 42.01 ], [ -30.698, -55.304, 43.048 ], [ -29.072, -54.668, 43.741 ], [ -27.911, -54.225, 44.1 ], [ -26.89, -53.849, 44.375 ], [ -25.853, -53.482, 44.627 ], [ -24.798, -53.13, 44.855 ], [ -23.725, -52.799, 45.054 ], [ -22.636, -52.497, 45.219 ], [ -21.769, -52.282, 45.332 ], [ -21.091, -52.129, 45.422 ], [ -20.428, -51.99, 45.527 ], [ -19.79, -51.867, 45.661 ], [ -19.187, -51.758, 45.841 ], [ -18.629, -51.662, 46.078 ], [ -18.067, -51.571, 46.422 ] ], "connects": "C2 courses anteromedially within the petrous temporal bone towards its apex.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-exit.left", "name": "Internal carotid canal opening left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Petrous-apex exit region. The small source-mesh opening and the complete illustrative artery calibre do not establish a patent canal fit. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "partial", "point": [ -18.2, -51.8, 44.4 ], "course": [], "connects": "Petrous-apex exit region. The small source-mesh opening and the complete illustrative artery calibre do not establish a patent canal fit.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.petrous-apex.left", "name": "Petrous apex left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Anteromedial end of the petrous temporal bone, beside the lacerum region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -12.489, -51.888, 45.765 ], "course": [], "connects": "Anteromedial end of the petrous temporal bone, beside the lacerum region.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.jugular-fossa.left", "name": "Jugular fossa left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Depression posterior and medial to the carotid entry region. This is an exclusion landmark for the cervical ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -25.629, -64.774, 41.218 ], "course": [], "connects": "Depression posterior and medial to the carotid entry region. This is an exclusion landmark for the cervical ICA.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.styloid-base.left", "name": "Styloid process base left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Bony reference lateral and posterior to the carotid entry region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -37.895, -59.837, 35.561 ], "course": [], "connects": "Bony reference lateral and posterior to the carotid entry region.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.lingula.left", "name": "Sphenoid lingula region left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated sphenoid attachment region of the petrolingual ligament. The small process is not separately resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -14.7, -49, 52.9 ], "course": [], "connects": "Estimated sphenoid attachment region of the petrolingual ligament. The small process is not separately resolved.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.petrolingual.left", "name": "Petrolingual boundary (estimated) left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated C3/C4 boundary at the superior edge of the petrolingual ligament. The ligament is not present in the bone mesh. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -15.2, -50.5, 57.4 ], "course": [], "connects": "Estimated C3/C4 boundary at the superior edge of the petrolingual ligament. The ligament is not present in the bone mesh.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" }, "description": "From the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.left) to the petrolingual ligament (approximately the anterior aspect of the petrous ridge).\n\nFrom the petrolingual ligament to the proximal dural ring." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.carotid-sulcus.left", "name": "Carotid sulcus of sphenoid left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Bony groove lateral to the sellar body. The cavernous ICA follows the adjacent parasellar space. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -13.517, -37.592, 62.164 ], "course": [], "connects": "Bony groove lateral to the sellar body. The cavernous ICA follows the adjacent parasellar space.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.left", "name": "Posterior clinoid process left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Lateral end of the dorsum sellae, medial to the posterior cavernous ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -6.882, -49.094, 64.598 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lateral end of the dorsum sellae, medial to the posterior cavernous ICA.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.left", "name": "Anterior clinoid process left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Clinoid process over the anterior cavernous bend. C5 ascends medial to this process. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ -14.524, -38.815, 70.894 ], "course": [], "connects": "Clinoid process over the anterior cavernous bend. C5 ascends medial to this process.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" }, "description": "The anterior clinoid process is superolateral to the genu of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left). Dural coverage extends medially to the tuberculum sellae from the anterior clinoid process. The dural ring is denser and more tightly adherent superolaterally and slopes inferomedially across the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) so the medial and posterior aspects of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) genu can lie in the subarachnoid space." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.optic-strut.left", "name": "Optic strut region left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated inferior root of the anterior clinoid, between optic canal and superior orbital fissure. A separate strut boundary is not reliably resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -10.7, -33, 68.9 ], "course": [], "connects": "Estimated inferior root of the anterior clinoid, between optic canal and superior orbital fissure. A separate strut boundary is not reliably resolved.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.dural-rings.left", "name": "Proximal and distal dural ring region left", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Estimated clinoid C5 region between the dural rings. Dura is not segmented; the clinoid bone provides a regional guide. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh.", "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -9.3, -41, 73.60000000000001 ], "course": [ [ -9.801181875907776, -42.419798817103825, 70.07265317063703 ], [ -9.774939988799261, -42.44387894469422, 70.21110683073272 ], [ -9.747404552187376, -42.46888833025446, 70.39753184675541 ], [ -9.728142008850217, -42.48641027224545, 70.58569133681682 ], [ -9.717317925552674, -42.49671571268414, 70.77533045000716 ], [ -9.715219166495718, -42.50000311218282, 70.96621154605899 ], [ -9.721966073921672, -42.49662871691805, 71.15807353330618 ], [ -9.737261424697374, -42.48723718046077, 71.35063904579914 ], [ -9.754332214487404, -42.47649306855874, 71.49539135221559 ], [ -9.784480123102112, -42.457591643901885, 71.68866818692081 ], [ -9.822675033065932, -42.434025135065404, 71.88208740939004 ], [ -9.858396401762635, -42.41241549800948, 72.03433856312868 ], [ -9.887241257718825, -42.39522887550118, 72.1453859661494 ], [ -9.918642098583744, -42.37680045473249, 72.25637845150827 ], [ -9.952347931562839, -42.357301437628124, 72.36730519523944 ], [ -9.979031903099045, -42.34205050787171, 72.45045285485567 ], [ -10.016421155224394, -42.320937093873276, 72.56124836547829 ], [ -10.0558066873738, -42.29899815947196, 72.67196269257525 ], [ -10.09725939145291, -42.255636184492786, 72.78258878446634 ], [ -10.14040521121335, -42.17155690918751, 72.89314196875813 ], [ -10.185141676045012, -42.04899387377225, 73.00362872635853 ], [ -10.231584495357831, -41.890102221309455, 73.11405036091058 ], [ -10.267306343874534, -41.748674973758256, 73.19683746147119 ], [ -10.316134765472157, -41.53237417486763, 73.30718981645661 ], [ -10.366118155149014, -41.286915772675904, 73.417524703505 ], [ -10.417220660129795, -41.014954297572615, 73.52785900548368 ], [ -10.469353010199134, -40.71927868946611, 73.63821407384032 ], [ -10.522299030055647, -40.40295550023764, 73.74860739182418 ], [ -10.575963372462578, -40.06898374879898, 73.85905750421952 ], [ -10.630342352760907, -39.72025494529046, 73.96959926953424 ] ], "connects": "Estimated clinoid C5 region between the dural rings. Dura is not segmented; the clinoid bone provides a regional guide.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" }, "description": "This segment incorporates the proximal and distal dural rings (the clinoid [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) segment); however, the dural anatomy in the anterior clinoid region is complex, variable, and impossible to reliably define on imaging, making it difficult to differentiate intradural and extradural aneurysms in this region." }, { "id": "landmark.ica.sella.midline", "name": "Sellar floor", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Floor of the hypophyseal fossa. The cavernous carotids lie to either side. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 0.69, -40.105, 62.131 ], "course": [], "connects": "Floor of the hypophyseal fossa. The cavernous carotids lie to either side.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.dorsum-sellae.midline", "name": "Dorsum sellae", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Posterior boundary of the hypophyseal fossa, between the posterior clinoids. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 0.643, -46.906, 65.324 ], "course": [], "connects": "Posterior boundary of the hypophyseal fossa, between the posterior clinoids.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "landmark.ica.clivus.midline", "name": "Upper clivus", "parent": "landmark.ica.group", "children": [], "system": "bone", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ICA", "carotid", "skull base", "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" ], "geometryStatus": "planned", "provenance": { "sourceType": "reference-defined", "confidence": "Bone surface anchor or explicitly estimated anatomical region; see individual entry.", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-bouthillier-1996", "ica-osawa-2008", "ica-ferreira-2002" ] }, "notes": "Midline sloping skull-base surface posterior to the sella; the posterior cavernous carotids lie laterally. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary.", "landmark": { "status": "visible", "point": [ 0.768, -55.542, 53.724 ], "course": [], "connects": "Midline sloping skull-base surface posterior to the sella; the posterior cavernous carotids lie laterally.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery anatomical reference" } }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right", "name": "Mandibular ICA branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous", "children": [ "artery.connection.mandibular_vidian_circle.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandibular ICA branch", "A02", "X13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Mandibular ICA branch right" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Petrous mandibular contribution to the pharyngeal/Eustachian circle. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A02", "X13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The mandibular branch runs anteroinferiorly exiting the temporal bone to supply regional soft tissues and contributes to pharyngeal vascular anastomoses." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left", "name": "Mandibular ICA branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous", "children": [ "artery.connection.mandibular_vidian_circle.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Mandibular ICA branch", "A02", "X13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Mandibular ICA branch left" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Petrous mandibular contribution to the pharyngeal/Eustachian circle. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A02", "X13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The mandibular branch runs anteroinferiorly exiting the temporal bone to supply regional soft tissues and contributes to pharyngeal vascular anastomoses." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.right", "name": "Basal tentorial MHT branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.basal_tentorial_sca_dural.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Basal tentorial MHT branch", "A03", "X17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Basal tentorial MHT branch right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Basal/lateral tentorial dural territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A03", "X17" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The basal (or lateral) tentorial artery, also a dural vessel, courses more laterally and inferiorly along the lateral edge of the tentorium cerebelli and sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), occipital, and [middle meningeal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.left", "name": "Basal tentorial MHT branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.basal_tentorial_sca_dural.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Basal tentorial MHT branch", "A03", "X17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Basal tentorial MHT branch left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Basal/lateral tentorial dural territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A03", "X17" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The basal (or lateral) tentorial artery, also a dural vessel, courses more laterally and inferiorly along the lateral edge of the tentorium cerebelli and sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), occipital, and [middle meningeal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.right", "name": "Medial clival MHT branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial clival MHT branch", "A03", "X08", "X14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial clival MHT branch right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Medial clival dural subdivision. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A03", "X08", "X14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [posterior inferior hypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_right) gives off an inferior clival artery that anastomoses with clival branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right). The [posterior inferior hypophyseal](#structure-artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_right) and medial clival arteries are remnants of the primitive [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.left", "name": "Medial clival MHT branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial clival MHT branch", "A03", "X08", "X14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial clival MHT branch left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Medial clival dural subdivision. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A03", "X08", "X14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [posterior inferior hypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_left) gives off an inferior clival artery that anastomoses with clival branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left). The [posterior inferior hypophyseal](#structure-artery.anterior.inferior_hypophyseal_left) and medial clival arteries are remnants of the primitive [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "name": "Lateral clival MHT branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.clival_posterior_cavernous_mma.right", "artery.connection.contralateral_lateral_clival.midline" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral clival MHT branch", "A03", "E18", "X14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral clival MHT branch right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Lateral clival dural subdivision. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A03", "E18", "X14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The lateral clival artery supplies the dura of the clivus. It has lateral and inferolateral branches which follow, respectively, the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. There are anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart, the [jugular branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), and the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left", "name": "Lateral clival MHT branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.dorsal_meningeal_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.clival_posterior_cavernous_mma.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral clival MHT branch", "A03", "E18", "X14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral clival MHT branch left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Lateral clival dural subdivision. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A03", "E18", "X14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The lateral clival artery supplies the dura of the clivus. It has lateral and inferolateral branches which follow, respectively, the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. There are anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart, the [jugular branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), and the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.right", "name": "ILT superior ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT superior ramus", "A04", "X04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT superior ramus right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Roof of cavernous sinus, superior/tentorial ILT ramus. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) veers medially to supply CNs III, IV, and V1 (the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve) in the cavernous sinus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.left", "name": "ILT superior ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT superior ramus", "A04", "X04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT superior ramus left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Roof of cavernous sinus, superior/tentorial ILT ramus. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) veers medially to supply CNs III, IV, and V1 (the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve) in the cavernous sinus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.right", "name": "ILT anterolateral ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT anterolateral ramus", "A04", "X02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT anterolateral ramus right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Foramen rotundum recipient ramus. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterolateral ramus, directed laterally over the trochlear nerve and under the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, enters the [foramen rotundum](#structure-landmark.rotundum.right) to anastomose with the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) via the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.left", "name": "ILT anterolateral ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT anterolateral ramus", "A04", "X02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT anterolateral ramus left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Foramen rotundum recipient ramus. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterolateral ramus, directed laterally over the trochlear nerve and under the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, enters the [foramen rotundum](#structure-landmark.rotundum.left) to anastomose with the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) via the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.right", "name": "ILT posteromedial ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT posteromedial ramus", "A04", "X03" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT posteromedial ramus right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Posteromedial ovale/Meckel regional recipient. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X03" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posteromedial ramus is directed towards the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.right) and anastomoses with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) to supply the abducens nerve, the trigeminal ganglion, and the motor root of CN V." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.left", "name": "ILT posteromedial ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT posteromedial ramus", "A04", "X03" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT posteromedial ramus left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Posteromedial ovale/Meckel regional recipient. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X03" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posteromedial ramus is directed towards the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.left) and anastomoses with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) to supply the abducens nerve, the trigeminal ganglion, and the motor root of CN V." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right", "name": "ILT recurrent lacerum ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT recurrent lacerum ramus", "A04", "X10" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT recurrent lacerum ramus right" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Recurrent route towards upper foramen lacerum region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X10" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum, which forms an anastomosis in the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left", "name": "ILT recurrent lacerum ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ILT recurrent lacerum ramus", "A04", "X10" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ILT recurrent lacerum ramus left" }, "color": "#e6c55d", "notes": "Recurrent route towards upper foramen lacerum region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A04", "X10" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum, which forms an anastomosis in the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.right", "name": "Ophthalmic inferior muscular branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic inferior muscular branch", "A05", "E12", "X05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ophthalmic inferior muscular branch right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Selected inferior orbital muscular territory; no retinal collateral. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "E12", "X05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) gives off osseous and muscular branches on the orbital floor and anastomoses with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.left", "name": "Ophthalmic inferior muscular branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic inferior muscular branch", "A05", "E12", "X05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ophthalmic inferior muscular branch left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Selected inferior orbital muscular territory; no retinal collateral. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "E12", "X05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) gives off osseous and muscular branches on the orbital floor and anastomoses with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_superior_muscular_branch.right", "name": "Ophthalmic superior muscular branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic superior muscular branch", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ophthalmic superior muscular branch right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Selected superior extraocular muscular territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_superior_muscular_branch.left", "name": "Ophthalmic superior muscular branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Ophthalmic superior muscular branch", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Ophthalmic superior muscular branch left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Selected superior extraocular muscular territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right", "name": "Superficial recurrent meningeal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superficial recurrent meningeal", "A05", "X01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superficial recurrent meningeal right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Recurrent lacrimal meningeal route through superior orbital fissure; distinct from Hyrtl canal. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "X01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal artery courses through the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right) to connect with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left", "name": "Superficial recurrent meningeal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superficial recurrent meningeal", "A05", "X01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superficial recurrent meningeal left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Recurrent lacrimal meningeal route through superior orbital fissure; distinct from Hyrtl canal. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "X01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal artery courses through the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left) to connect with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right", "name": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic_ilt.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Deep recurrent ophthalmic", "A05", "X01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic route towards anteromedial ILT; separate from superficial recurrent route. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "X01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anteromedial ramus is directed towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right), supplying CNs III, IV, V1, and the abducens nerve (CN VI), and forming an anastomosis with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) as the deep recurrent ophthalmic artery." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left", "name": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic_ilt.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Deep recurrent ophthalmic", "A05", "X01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic route towards anteromedial ILT; separate from superficial recurrent route. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "X01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anteromedial ramus is directed towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left), supplying CNs III, IV, V1, and the abducens nerve (CN VI), and forming an anastomosis with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) as the deep recurrent ophthalmic artery." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right", "name": "Lacrimal inferior branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lacrimal inferior branch", "A05", "X05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lacrimal inferior branch right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Distal inferior lacrimal recipient, distinct from muscular recipient. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "X05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) has anastomoses with the inferior branch of the lacrimal artery via the [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right) and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left", "name": "Lacrimal inferior branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lacrimal inferior branch", "A05", "X05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lacrimal inferior branch left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Distal inferior lacrimal recipient, distinct from muscular recipient. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "X05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) has anastomoses with the inferior branch of the lacrimal artery via the [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left) and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.right", "name": "Anterior falcine right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.anterior_falcine_mma_paramedian.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior falcine", "A05", "A11", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior falcine right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Anterior ethmoidal meningeal continuation to anterior falx cerebri. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "A11", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior falcine artery is a meningeal branch arising from the ethmoidal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right).\n\nThe paramedian terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) anastomose with the anterior falcine artery from the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.left", "name": "Anterior falcine left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.anterior_falcine_mma_paramedian.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior falcine", "A05", "A11", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior falcine left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Anterior ethmoidal meningeal continuation to anterior falx cerebri. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A05", "A11", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior falcine artery is a meningeal branch arising from the ethmoidal branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left).\n\nThe paramedian terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) anastomose with the anterior falcine artery from the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_thyroid_scm_branch.right", "name": "Superior thyroid SCM branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior thyroid SCM branch", "E01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior thyroid SCM branch right" }, "color": "#eea853", "notes": "Sternocleidomastoid territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_thyroid_scm_branch.left", "name": "Superior thyroid SCM branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior thyroid SCM branch", "E01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior thyroid SCM branch left" }, "color": "#eea853", "notes": "Sternocleidomastoid territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.cricothyroid.right", "name": "Cricothyroid right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Cricothyroid", "E01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Cricothyroid right" }, "color": "#eea853", "notes": "Cricothyroid territory; inferior thyroid scaffold deferred. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.cricothyroid.left", "name": "Cricothyroid left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Cricothyroid", "E01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Cricothyroid left" }, "color": "#eea853", "notes": "Cricothyroid territory; inferior thyroid scaffold deferred. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.facial_submandibular_gland_branch.right", "name": "Facial submandibular gland branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial submandibular gland branch", "E02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial submandibular gland branch right" }, "color": "#ef806b", "notes": "Submandibular gland regional supply. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Submandibular gland branches originate inferiorly from the submandibular and submental segments of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.facial_submandibular_gland_branch.left", "name": "Facial submandibular gland branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial submandibular gland branch", "E02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial submandibular gland branch left" }, "color": "#ef806b", "notes": "Submandibular gland regional supply. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Submandibular gland branches originate inferiorly from the submandibular and submental segments of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.right", "name": "Facial masseteric branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_masseteric.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial masseteric branch", "E02", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial masseteric branch right" }, "color": "#ef806b", "notes": "Facial origin masseteric territory, distinct from maxillary masseteric. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E02", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Masseteric muscular and buccal mucosal branches: these originate superiorly from the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right).\n\nAnastomoses: masseteric branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) and [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.left", "name": "Facial masseteric branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_masseteric.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial masseteric branch", "E02", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial masseteric branch left" }, "color": "#ef806b", "notes": "Facial origin masseteric territory, distinct from maxillary masseteric. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E02", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Masseteric muscular and buccal mucosal branches: these originate superiorly from the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left).\n\nAnastomoses: masseteric branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) and [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.right", "name": "Facial buccal branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_buccal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial buccal branch", "E02", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial buccal branch right" }, "color": "#ef806b", "notes": "Facial origin buccal territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E02", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Masseteric muscular and buccal mucosal branches: these originate superiorly from the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.left", "name": "Facial buccal branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_buccal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Facial buccal branch", "E02", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Facial buccal branch left" }, "color": "#ef806b", "notes": "Facial origin buccal territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E02", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Masseteric muscular and buccal mucosal branches: these originate superiorly from the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.right", "name": "Medial superior palpebral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.superior_palpebral_arcade.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial superior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial superior palpebral right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Medial eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.left", "name": "Medial superior palpebral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.superior_palpebral_arcade.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial superior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial superior palpebral left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Medial eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.right", "name": "Lateral superior palpebral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral superior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral superior palpebral right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Lateral eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.left", "name": "Lateral superior palpebral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral superior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral superior palpebral left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Lateral eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.right", "name": "Medial inferior palpebral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.inferior_palpebral_arcade.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial inferior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial inferior palpebral right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Medial eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.left", "name": "Medial inferior palpebral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.inferior_palpebral_arcade.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial inferior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial inferior palpebral left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Medial eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.right", "name": "Lateral inferior palpebral right", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral inferior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral inferior palpebral right" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Lateral eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.left", "name": "Lateral inferior palpebral left", "parent": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral inferior palpebral", "E03", "A05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral inferior palpebral left" }, "color": "#96d789", "notes": "Lateral eyelid margin, selected palpebral arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E03", "A05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_parotid_branch.right", "name": "Posterior auricular parotid branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior auricular parotid branch", "E04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior auricular parotid branch right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Parotid territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_parotid_branch.left", "name": "Posterior auricular parotid branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior auricular parotid branch", "E04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior auricular parotid branch left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Parotid territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.right", "name": "Posterior auricular auricular branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior auricular auricular branch", "E04", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior auricular auricular branch right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Posterior auricle territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E04", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.left", "name": "Posterior auricular auricular branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior auricular auricular branch", "E04", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior auricular auricular branch left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Posterior auricle territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E04", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.right", "name": "STA anterior auricular right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.sta_posterior_auricular_scalp.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA anterior auricular", "E04", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA anterior auricular right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Anterior auricle territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E04", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior auricular branches: superior, middle, and inferior branches supply the external ear." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.left", "name": "STA anterior auricular left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.sta_posterior_auricular_scalp.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "STA anterior auricular", "E04", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "STA anterior auricular left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Anterior auricle territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E04", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior auricular branches: superior, middle, and inferior branches supply the external ear." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.right", "name": "Transverse facial superior division right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.transverse_facial_infraorbital.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial superior division", "E05", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial superior division right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Superior transverse facial division. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior division of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right) passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.left", "name": "Transverse facial superior division left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.transverse_facial_infraorbital.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial superior division", "E05", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial superior division left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Superior transverse facial division. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior division of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left) passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.right", "name": "Transverse facial inferior division right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_masseteric_branch.right", "artery.connection.transverse_facial_facial.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial inferior division", "E05", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial inferior division right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Inferior transverse facial division. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior trunk of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right) also supplies the parotid gland and runs superficially over the masseter, which it supplies. It anastomoses with branches of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.left", "name": "Transverse facial inferior division left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_masseteric_branch.left", "artery.connection.transverse_facial_facial.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial inferior division", "E05", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial inferior division left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Inferior transverse facial division. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior trunk of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left) also supplies the parotid gland and runs superficially over the masseter, which it supplies. It anastomoses with branches of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_parotid_branch.right", "name": "Transverse facial parotid branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial parotid branch", "E05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial parotid branch right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Parotid branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Both divisions of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right) supply the parotid gland." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_parotid_branch.left", "name": "Transverse facial parotid branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial parotid branch", "E05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial parotid branch left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Parotid branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Both divisions of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left) supply the parotid gland." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_masseteric_branch.right", "name": "Transverse facial masseteric branch right", "parent": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial masseteric branch", "E05", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial masseteric branch right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Masseteric branch of transverse facial system. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior trunk of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right) runs superficially over the masseter, which it supplies. It anastomoses with branches of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_masseteric_branch.left", "name": "Transverse facial masseteric branch left", "parent": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Transverse facial masseteric branch", "E05", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Transverse facial masseteric branch left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Masseteric branch of transverse facial system. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E05", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The inferior trunk of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left) runs superficially over the masseter, which it supplies. It anastomoses with branches of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.right", "name": "Zygomatico-orbital right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.zygomatico_orbital_lacrimal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Zygomatico-orbital", "E06", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Zygomatico-orbital right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Upper zygomatic arch towards lateral orbital angle. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E06", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Zygomatico-orbital artery: this arises just proximal to the bifurcation and is directed anteriorly along the upper border of the zygomatic arch towards the lateral angle of the orbit. The artery supplies the anterior temporal and malar region and orbicularis orbis." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.left", "name": "Zygomatico-orbital left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.zygomatico_orbital_lacrimal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Zygomatico-orbital", "E06", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Zygomatico-orbital left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Upper zygomatic arch towards lateral orbital angle. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E06", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Zygomatico-orbital artery: this arises just proximal to the bifurcation and is directed anteriorly along the upper border of the zygomatic arch towards the lateral angle of the orbit. The artery supplies the anterior temporal and malar region and orbicularis orbis." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "name": "Superior tympanic right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.superior_anterior_tympanic.right", "artery.connection.superior_inferior_tympanic.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior tympanic", "E09", "X07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior tympanic right" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Petrosal MMA superior tympanic contribution. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior tympanic artery is a [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right) supplying the tensor tympani muscle and superior part of the tympanic cavity.\n\nThe [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) anastomoses in the tympanic cavity with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right), superior tympanic, and [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "name": "Superior tympanic left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.superior_anterior_tympanic.left", "artery.connection.superior_inferior_tympanic.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior tympanic", "E09", "X07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior tympanic left" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Petrosal MMA superior tympanic contribution. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior tympanic artery is a [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left) supplying the tensor tympani muscle and superior part of the tympanic cavity.\n\nThe [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) anastomoses in the tympanic cavity with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left), superior tympanic, and [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.right", "name": "MMA paramedian right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA paramedian", "E09", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA paramedian right" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Coronal/paramedian continuation beside superior sagittal region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian arteries: these are the terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right). They are directed anteriorly or posteriorly along the superior sagittal sinus and anastomose with the anterior (from the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right)) or posterior (from the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)) falcine arteries. They deliver small branches to the superior sagittal sinus and falx cerebri. They also anastomose with dural branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA; Davidoff and Schechter) and the [superior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) ([SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right); [artery of Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger](#structure-artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right))." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.left", "name": "MMA paramedian left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.frontal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA paramedian", "E09", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA paramedian left" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Coronal/paramedian continuation beside superior sagittal region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Paramedian arteries: these are the terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left). They are directed anteriorly or posteriorly along the superior sagittal sinus and anastomose with the anterior (from the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left)) or posterior (from the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)) falcine arteries. They deliver small branches to the superior sagittal sinus and falx cerebri. They also anastomose with dural branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA; Davidoff and Schechter) and the [superior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) ([SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left); [artery of Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger](#structure-artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left))." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.right", "name": "MMA falcine terminal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA falcine terminal", "E09", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA falcine terminal right" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Falx cerebri terminal dural branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The paramedian terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) deliver small branches to the superior sagittal sinus and falx cerebri. They anastomose with the anterior and posterior falcine arteries, and with dural branches of the PCA and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.left", "name": "MMA falcine terminal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA falcine terminal", "E09", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA falcine terminal left" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Falx cerebri terminal dural branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The paramedian terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) deliver small branches to the superior sagittal sinus and falx cerebri. They anastomose with the anterior and posterior falcine arteries, and with dural branches of the PCA and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.right", "name": "MMA anterior cavernous right", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.mma_cavernous_ilt.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA anterior cavernous", "E09", "X04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA anterior cavernous right" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Anterior cavernous MMA territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior cavernous branch of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) arises from its horizontal segment. It runs anteromedially to supply the anterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.left", "name": "MMA anterior cavernous left", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.mma_cavernous_ilt.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA anterior cavernous", "E09", "X04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA anterior cavernous left" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Anterior cavernous MMA territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior cavernous branch of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) arises from its horizontal segment. It runs anteromedially to supply the anterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right", "name": "MMA posterior cavernous right", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.posterior_cavernous_mma_posterolateral_ilt.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA posterior cavernous", "E09", "X04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA posterior cavernous right" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Posterior cavernous MMA territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior cavernous branch of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) arises from its horizontal segment. It is directed posteromedially to supply the posterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the medial clival artery and the carotid branch of the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left", "name": "MMA posterior cavernous left", "parent": "artery.eca.mma_cavernous.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.posterior_cavernous_mma_posterolateral_ilt.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "MMA posterior cavernous", "E09", "X04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "MMA posterior cavernous left" }, "color": "#8eacff", "notes": "Posterior cavernous MMA territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E09", "X04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The posterior cavernous branch of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) arises from its horizontal segment. It is directed posteromedially to supply the posterior cavernous sinus and anastomoses with the medial clival artery and the carotid branch of the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.right", "name": "Accessory meningeal anterior tubal right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Accessory meningeal anterior tubal", "E10", "X13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal anterior tubal right" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Extracranial tubal/pharyngeal division. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E10", "X13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior branch: courses along the Eustachian tube reaching the torus tubaris, supplying regional mucosa, bone, and the tensor veli palatini muscle. There are anastomoses with the vidian artery, mandibular artery, the artery of the pterygoid and pharyngeal canals, and the pharyngeal branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.left", "name": "Accessory meningeal anterior tubal left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Accessory meningeal anterior tubal", "E10", "X13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal anterior tubal left" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Extracranial tubal/pharyngeal division. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E10", "X13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior branch: courses along the Eustachian tube reaching the torus tubaris, supplying regional mucosa, bone, and the tensor veli palatini muscle. There are anastomoses with the vidian artery, mandibular artery, the artery of the pterygoid and pharyngeal canals, and the pharyngeal branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.right", "name": "Accessory meningeal posterior intracranial right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.accessory_meningeal_ilt.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Accessory meningeal posterior intracranial", "E10", "X03" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal posterior intracranial right" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Foramen ovale to Meckel/cavernous regional recipient. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E10", "X03" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior branch: ascends superiorly and enters the skull through the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.right) or [foramen vesalius](#structure-landmark.vesalius.right). The vessel supplies the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion and dura mater of Meckel\u2019s cave and the middle cranial fossa. There are anastomoses with inferolateral and MHTs of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), recurrent meningeal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right), cavernous branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right), the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right), and the [subarcuate artery](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.left", "name": "Accessory meningeal posterior intracranial left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.accessory_meningeal_ilt.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Accessory meningeal posterior intracranial", "E10", "X03" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Accessory meningeal posterior intracranial left" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Foramen ovale to Meckel/cavernous regional recipient. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E10", "X03" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior branch: ascends superiorly and enters the skull through the [foramen ovale](#structure-landmark.ovale.left) or [foramen vesalius](#structure-landmark.vesalius.left). The vessel supplies the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion and dura mater of Meckel\u2019s cave and the middle cranial fossa. There are anastomoses with inferolateral and MHTs of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), recurrent meningeal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left), cavernous branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left), the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left), and the [subarcuate artery](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "name": "Artery of superior orbital fissure right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.sof_artery_anteromedial_ilt.right", "artery.connection.sof_artery_recurrent_meningeal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Artery of superior orbital fissure", "E11", "X01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Artery of superior orbital fissure right" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Distinct maxillary SOF artery; not a nasal sphenopalatine route. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E11", "X01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: superomedially from the third maxillary segment. It may share a common trunk with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right).\n\nCourse: superiorly through the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right) towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right).\n\nAnastomoses: anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) and recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "name": "Artery of superior orbital fissure left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.sof_artery_anteromedial_ilt.left", "artery.connection.sof_artery_recurrent_meningeal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Artery of superior orbital fissure", "E11", "X01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Artery of superior orbital fissure left" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Distinct maxillary SOF artery; not a nasal sphenopalatine route. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E11", "X01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Origin: superomedially from the third maxillary segment. It may share a common trunk with the [artery of the foramen rotundum](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left).\n\nCourse: superiorly through the [sphenopalatine foramen](#structure-landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left) towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left).\n\nAnastomoses: anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) and recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "name": "Infraorbital muscular branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.infraorbital_ophthalmic.right", "artery.connection.inferior_lacrimal_infraorbital_muscular.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Infraorbital muscular branch", "E12", "X05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Infraorbital muscular branch right" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Inferior orbital muscular donor. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E12", "X05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right) supplies the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and lacrimal sac. On the orbital floor it gives off osseous and muscular branches and anastomoses with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "name": "Infraorbital muscular branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.infraorbital_ophthalmic.left", "artery.connection.inferior_lacrimal_infraorbital_muscular.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Infraorbital muscular branch", "E12", "X05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Infraorbital muscular branch left" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Inferior orbital muscular donor. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E12", "X05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [infraorbital artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left) supplies the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and lacrimal sac. On the orbital floor it gives off osseous and muscular branches and anastomoses with the inferior muscular branches of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.right", "name": "Superior septal subdivision right", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.posterior_septal_posterior_ethmoidal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior septal subdivision", "E13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior septal subdivision right" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Superior nasal septal representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [posterior septal artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right) divides into superior and inferior branches. The superior branch supplies the superior turbinate before coursing medially to the nasal septum where it curves anteriorly. It anastomoses with branches of the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right) and [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) and contributes to Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.left", "name": "Superior septal subdivision left", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.posterior_septal_posterior_ethmoidal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior septal subdivision", "E13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior septal subdivision left" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Superior nasal septal representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [posterior septal artery](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left) divides into superior and inferior branches. The superior branch supplies the superior turbinate before coursing medially to the nasal septum where it curves anteriorly. It anastomoses with branches of the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left) and [descending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) and contributes to Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right", "name": "Inferior septal subdivision right", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.septal_palatine_network.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior septal subdivision", "E13", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior septal subdivision right" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Inferior septal network; Kiesselbach represented distally. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E13", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left", "name": "Inferior septal subdivision left", "parent": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.septal_palatine_network.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Inferior septal subdivision", "E13", "X20" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Inferior septal subdivision left" }, "color": "#5bd2cb", "notes": "Inferior septal network; Kiesselbach represented distally. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E13", "X20" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.occipital_scm_branch.right", "name": "Occipital SCM branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital SCM branch", "E14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital SCM branch right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Proximal sternocleidomastoid territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.occipital_scm_branch.left", "name": "Occipital SCM branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital SCM branch", "E14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital SCM branch left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Proximal sternocleidomastoid territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "name": "Occipital mastoid dural branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_sigmoid.right", "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_mma_petrosquamosal.right", "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_jugular.right", "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_hypoglossal_meningeal.right", "artery.connection.occipital_tentorial_pca_dural.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital mastoid dural branch", "E14", "X15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid dural branch right" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Mastoid/posterior meningeal sigmoid region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E14", "X15" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.right) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "name": "Occipital mastoid dural branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_sigmoid.left", "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_mma_petrosquamosal.left", "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_jugular.left", "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_hypoglossal_meningeal.left", "artery.connection.occipital_tentorial_pca_dural.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Occipital mastoid dural branch", "E14", "X15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid dural branch left" }, "color": "#dfc283", "notes": "Mastoid/posterior meningeal sigmoid region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E14", "X15" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.left) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "name": "Superior pharyngeal tubal branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.tubal_accessory_meningeal_circle.right", "artery.connection.tubal_mandibular_ica_circle.right", "artery.connection.tubal_pterygovaginal_circle.right", "artery.connection.tubal_maxillary_vidian_circle.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior pharyngeal tubal branch", "E15", "X13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior pharyngeal tubal branch right" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Eustachian/pharyngeal arterial circle. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E15", "X13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) gives off an Eustachian tube branch, which supplies the Eustachian tube and submucosa of the fossa of Rosenm\u00fcller.\n\nThe [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [pharyngeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right) contributes to the Eustachian tube anastomotic circle. It is connected to the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous)\u2019s mandibular and vidian arteries and forms connections with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) and [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right) (distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)). It also sends a branch through the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) to the cavernous sinus, joining the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right) and the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "name": "Superior pharyngeal tubal branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.tubal_accessory_meningeal_circle.left", "artery.connection.tubal_mandibular_ica_circle.left", "artery.connection.tubal_pterygovaginal_circle.left", "artery.connection.tubal_maxillary_vidian_circle.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior pharyngeal tubal branch", "E15", "X13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior pharyngeal tubal branch left" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Eustachian/pharyngeal arterial circle. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E15", "X13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) gives off an Eustachian tube branch, which supplies the Eustachian tube and submucosa of the fossa of Rosenm\u00fcller.\n\nThe [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [pharyngeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left) contributes to the Eustachian tube anastomotic circle. It is connected to the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous)\u2019s mandibular and vidian arteries and forms connections with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) and [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left) (distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)). It also sends a branch through the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) to the cavernous sinus, joining the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left) and the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.right", "name": "Superior pharyngeal carotid branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.pharyngeal_carotid_recurrent_lacerum.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior pharyngeal carotid branch", "E15", "X10" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior pharyngeal carotid branch right" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Carotid/lacerum branch, separate from clival routes. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E15", "X10" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The carotid branch of the superior pharyngeal artery traverses the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) to anastomose with the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right) from the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), both ipsilateral and contralateral." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.left", "name": "Superior pharyngeal carotid branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.pharyngeal_carotid_recurrent_lacerum.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Superior pharyngeal carotid branch", "E15", "X10" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Superior pharyngeal carotid branch left" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Carotid/lacerum branch, separate from clival routes. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E15", "X10" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The carotid branch of the superior pharyngeal artery traverses the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) to anastomose with the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left) from the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), both ipsilateral and contralateral." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.right", "name": "APA musculospinal right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.apa_musculospinal_va.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "APA musculospinal", "E16", "X11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "APA musculospinal right" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Upper cervical lateral musculospinal contribution. Exact C2/C3 level pending vertebral registration. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E16", "X11" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Musculospinal branch: this passes posteroinferiorly at the C3 level. It supplies the spinal accessory nerve and the superior sympathetic ganglion. Important anastomoses connect with the ascending and deep cervical arteries and [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right).\n\nThe musculospinal branch laterally anastomoses with the C3 radicular anastomotic artery from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.left", "name": "APA musculospinal left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.apa_musculospinal_va.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "APA musculospinal", "E16", "X11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "APA musculospinal left" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Upper cervical lateral musculospinal contribution. Exact C2/C3 level pending vertebral registration. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E16", "X11" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Musculospinal branch: this passes posteroinferiorly at the C3 level. It supplies the spinal accessory nerve and the superior sympathetic ganglion. Important anastomoses connect with the ascending and deep cervical arteries and [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left).\n\nThe musculospinal branch laterally anastomoses with the C3 radicular anastomotic artery from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right", "name": "APA prevertebral branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.apa_prevertebral_odontoid.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "APA prevertebral branch", "E17", "X09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "APA prevertebral branch right" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Prevertebral contributor to estimated bilateral odontoid arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E17", "X09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The prevertebral branch, running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right), forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left", "name": "APA prevertebral branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.apa_prevertebral_odontoid.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "APA prevertebral branch", "E17", "X09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "APA prevertebral branch left" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Prevertebral contributor to estimated bilateral odontoid arcade. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E17", "X09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The prevertebral branch, running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left), forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right", "name": "Falx cerebelli artery right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.falx_cerebelli_va_posterior_meningeal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Falx cerebelli artery", "E19", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Falx cerebelli artery right" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Infratentorial falx cerebelli dural branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E19", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right) course inferomedially along the floor of the posterior fossa, medially as the artery of the falx cerebelli and laterally as the posterior meningeal artery. Both of these may also arise from the vertebral or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left", "name": "Falx cerebelli artery left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.falx_cerebelli_va_posterior_meningeal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Falx cerebelli artery", "E19", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Falx cerebelli artery left" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Infratentorial falx cerebelli dural branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E19", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Posterior branches of the [hypoglossal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.hypoglossal.right.left) course inferomedially along the floor of the posterior fossa, medially as the artery of the falx cerebelli and laterally as the posterior meningeal artery. Both of these may also arise from the vertebral or [posterior inferior cerebellar arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.right", "name": "Jugular ascending IAC branch right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Jugular ascending IAC branch", "E19", "X15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Jugular ascending IAC branch right" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Jugular APA branch towards internal auditory canal region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E19", "X15" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "An ascending branch of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) supplies dura mater of the internal auditory canal and may anastomose with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.left", "name": "Jugular ascending IAC branch left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Jugular ascending IAC branch", "E19", "X15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Jugular ascending IAC branch left" }, "color": "#ca94ee", "notes": "Jugular APA branch towards internal auditory canal region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "E19", "X15" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "An ascending branch of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) supplies dura mater of the internal auditory canal and may anastomose with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_optic_tract_branch.right", "name": "AChA optic tract branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA optic tract branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA optic tract branch right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA optic tract branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) supply the optic tract, optic radiation, and lateral geniculate body." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_optic_tract_branch.left", "name": "AChA optic tract branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA optic tract branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA optic tract branch left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA optic tract branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) supply the optic tract, optic radiation, and lateral geniculate body." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_capsular_branch.right", "name": "AChA capsular branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA capsular branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA capsular branch right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA capsular branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) supply the posterior limb of the internal capsule." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_capsular_branch.left", "name": "AChA capsular branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA capsular branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA capsular branch left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA capsular branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) supply the posterior limb of the internal capsule." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_peduncular_branch.right", "name": "AChA peduncular branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA peduncular branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA peduncular branch right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA peduncular branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) supply the cerebral peduncle, including the corticospinal tracts, red nucleus, and subthalamus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_peduncular_branch.left", "name": "AChA peduncular branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA peduncular branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA peduncular branch left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA peduncular branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) supply the cerebral peduncle, including the corticospinal tracts, red nucleus, and subthalamus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_temporal_branch.right", "name": "AChA temporal branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA temporal branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA temporal branch right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA temporal branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) supply the hippocampus, amygdala, uncus, dentate gyrus, and piriform cortex." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acha_temporal_branch.left", "name": "AChA temporal branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AChA temporal branch", "A06" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AChA temporal branch left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "AChA temporal branch regional territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The cisternal branches of the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) supply the hippocampus, amygdala, uncus, dentate gyrus, and piriform cortex." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_1.right", "name": "Terminal ICA perforator 1 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.terminus", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Terminal ICA perforator 1", "A07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Terminal ICA perforator 1 right" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Anterior perforated substance representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment contains a variable number of perforating arteries to the anterior perforating substance, which contribute to the collateral reconstitution in Moyamoya disease. Anastomoses are found with the posterior choroidal arteries and ACA." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_1.left", "name": "Terminal ICA perforator 1 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.terminus", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Terminal ICA perforator 1", "A07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Terminal ICA perforator 1 left" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Anterior perforated substance representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment contains a variable number of perforating arteries to the anterior perforating substance, which contribute to the collateral reconstitution in Moyamoya disease. Anastomoses are found with the posterior choroidal arteries and ACA." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_2.right", "name": "Terminal ICA perforator 2 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.terminus", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Terminal ICA perforator 2", "A07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Terminal ICA perforator 2 right" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Anterior perforated substance representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment contains a variable number of perforating arteries to the anterior perforating substance, which contribute to the collateral reconstitution in Moyamoya disease. Anastomoses are found with the posterior choroidal arteries and ACA." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_2.left", "name": "Terminal ICA perforator 2 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.terminus", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Terminal ICA perforator 2", "A07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Terminal ICA perforator 2 left" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Anterior perforated substance representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment contains a variable number of perforating arteries to the anterior perforating substance, which contribute to the collateral reconstitution in Moyamoya disease. Anastomoses are found with the posterior choroidal arteries and ACA." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.subcallosal_artery.midline", "name": "Subcallosal artery", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Subcallosal artery", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Subcallosal artery" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Selected single subcallosal branch; separate from Heubner. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The subcallosal artery, which supplies the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum, is usually the largest single perforating branch of the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acom_hypothalamic_perforator.right", "name": "ACom hypothalamic perforator right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACom hypothalamic perforator", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACom hypothalamic perforator right" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "ACom hypothalamic perforator estimated territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Multiple small perforating branches arise from the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating). Their supply includes the hypothalamus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acom_hypothalamic_perforator.left", "name": "ACom hypothalamic perforator left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACom hypothalamic perforator", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACom hypothalamic perforator left" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "ACom hypothalamic perforator estimated territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Multiple small perforating branches arise from the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating). Their supply includes the hypothalamus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acom_septal_perforator.right", "name": "ACom septal perforator right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACom septal perforator", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACom septal perforator right" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "ACom septal perforator estimated territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Multiple small perforating branches arise from the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating). Their supply includes the septum pellucidum." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acom_septal_perforator.left", "name": "ACom septal perforator left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACom septal perforator", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACom septal perforator left" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "ACom septal perforator estimated territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Multiple small perforating branches arise from the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating). Their supply includes the septum pellucidum." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acom_chiasmatic_perforator.right", "name": "ACom chiasmatic perforator right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACom chiasmatic perforator", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACom chiasmatic perforator right" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "ACom chiasmatic perforator estimated territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Multiple small perforating branches arise from the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating). Their supply includes the optic chiasm." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.acom_chiasmatic_perforator.left", "name": "ACom chiasmatic perforator left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACom chiasmatic perforator", "A08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACom chiasmatic perforator left" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "ACom chiasmatic perforator estimated territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Multiple small perforating branches arise from the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating). Their supply includes the optic chiasm." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_lenticulostriate_superior_representative.right", "name": "Medial lenticulostriate superior representative right", "parent": "artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial lenticulostriate superior representative", "A09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial lenticulostriate superior representative right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "Representative medial perforator ramification, variable count. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior branches of the [medial lenticulostriate arteries](#structure-artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_right) supply the anterior basal ganglia, anterior commissure, and anterior limb of the internal capsule." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_lenticulostriate_superior_representative.left", "name": "Medial lenticulostriate superior representative left", "parent": "artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial lenticulostriate superior representative", "A09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial lenticulostriate superior representative left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "Representative medial perforator ramification, variable count. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The superior branches of the [medial lenticulostriate arteries](#structure-artery.anterior.medial_lenticulostriate_left) supply the anterior basal ganglia, anterior commissure, and anterior limb of the internal capsule." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_lenticulostriate_anterior_representative.right", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate anterior representative right", "parent": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral lenticulostriate anterior representative", "A09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate anterior representative right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "Representative lateral perforator ramification, variable count. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_lenticulostriate_anterior_representative.left", "name": "Lateral lenticulostriate anterior representative left", "parent": "artery.anterior.lateral_lenticulostriate_1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral lenticulostriate anterior representative", "A09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral lenticulostriate anterior representative left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "Representative lateral perforator ramification, variable count. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Lenticulostriate arteries (between 1 and 20, average 10) arise from the superior surface of this segment and perforate the anterior perforated substance. The medial group supplies the globus pallidus and lentiform nucleus. The lateral group supplies the anterior commissure, internal capsule, and upper head and body of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. They have an S-shape configuration on the right, and reverse S-shape on the left. The medial group may also arise from the A1 and the latter group may arise from the M2 segments." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.short_callosal_branch.right", "name": "Short callosal branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Short callosal branch", "A11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Short callosal branch right" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Short callosal representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A11" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Short callosal perforating arteries: supplying the pillars of the fornix and the anterior commissure." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.short_callosal_branch.left", "name": "Short callosal branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Short callosal branch", "A11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Short callosal branch left" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Short callosal representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A11" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Short callosal perforating arteries: supplying the pillars of the fornix and the anterior commissure." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.long_callosal_branch.right", "name": "Long callosal branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Long callosal branch", "A11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Long callosal branch right" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Long callosal representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A11" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long callosal arteries: supplying adjacent cortex." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.long_callosal_branch.left", "name": "Long callosal branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Long callosal branch", "A11" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Long callosal branch left" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Long callosal representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A11" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long callosal arteries: supplying adjacent cortex." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.right", "name": "ACA falcine branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5", "children": [ "artery.connection.aca_falcine_mma_falcine.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA falcine branch", "A11", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA falcine branch right" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Selected pericallosal falcine branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A11", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Dural branches: supplying the falx." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.left", "name": "ACA falcine branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5", "children": [ "artery.connection.aca_falcine_mma_falcine.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "ACA falcine branch", "A11", "X16" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA falcine branch left" }, "color": "#d980bf", "notes": "Selected pericallosal falcine branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A11", "X16" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Dural branches: supplying the falx." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.polar_temporal.right", "name": "Polar temporal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Polar temporal", "A13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Polar temporal right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Selected inferior-division polar temporal branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 8.44882389129184, "startPointMm": [ 41.06025328357293, -40.43439620507135, 86.63624563185054 ], "endPointMm": [ 42.820676982481515, -33.86202503097418, 81.6303524045283 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 8.44882389129184, "endArcMm": 34.503295269227486, "startPointMm": [ 42.820676982481515, -33.86202503097418, 81.6303524045283 ], "endPointMm": [ 43.0, -13.0, 68.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The polar temporal artery is one of the temporal cortical branches of the MCA. These branches are named after the regions they supply." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.polar_temporal.left", "name": "Polar temporal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.mca_inferior_division_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Polar temporal", "A13" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Polar temporal left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Selected inferior-division polar temporal branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A13" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "M3", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 8.441206660645319, "startPointMm": [ -40.96590300039963, -39.88970083031172, 86.74835419943601 ], "endPointMm": [ -42.86879740878811, -33.59613105270928, 81.46058913176923 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Estimated opercular-to-cortical transition", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "M4", "startArcMm": 8.441206660645319, "endArcMm": 33.98214410487067, "startPointMm": [ -42.86879740878811, -33.59613105270928, 81.46058913176923 ], "endPointMm": [ -43.0, -13.0, 68.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Cortical branch territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The polar temporal artery is one of the temporal cortical branches of the MCA. These branches are named after the regions they supply." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.prefrontal_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Prefrontal distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Prefrontal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Prefrontal distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.prefrontal_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Prefrontal distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Prefrontal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Prefrontal distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.precentral_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Precentral distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.precentral_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Precentral distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precentral distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe precentral artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.precentral_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Precentral distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.precentral_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Precentral distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Precentral distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe precentral artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.central_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Central distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.central_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Central distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe central artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.central_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Central distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.central_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Central distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Central distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe central artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_parietal_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Anterior parietal distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior parietal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior parietal distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe anterior parietal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_parietal_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Anterior parietal distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior parietal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior parietal distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe anterior parietal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_parietal_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Posterior parietal distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior parietal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior parietal distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior parietal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_parietal_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Posterior parietal distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_parietal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior parietal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior parietal distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior parietal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.angular_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Angular distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.angular_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Angular distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe [angular artery](#structure-artery.anterior.angular_right) is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.angular_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Angular distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.angular_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Angular distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Angular distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe [angular artery](#structure-artery.anterior.angular_left) is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.middle_temporal_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Middle temporal distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle temporal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe middle temporal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.middle_temporal_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Middle temporal distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.middle_temporal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Middle temporal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Middle temporal distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe middle temporal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_temporal_distal_ramus.right", "name": "Posterior temporal distal ramus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior temporal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior temporal distal ramus right" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior temporal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.posterior_temporal_distal_ramus.left", "name": "Posterior temporal distal ramus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Posterior temporal distal ramus", "A14" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Posterior temporal distal ramus left" }, "color": "#65c8df", "notes": "Representative distal cortical ramification; sulcal registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A14" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The M4 (cortical) segments commence at the opercular turn and run on the surface of the cerebral convexity. The branches supply most of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, and the insular and opercular cortex.\n\nThe posterior temporal artery is named after the region it supplies." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.va_anterior_meningeal.right", "name": "VA anterior meningeal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "VA anterior meningeal", "P01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA anterior meningeal right" }, "color": "#eda97d", "notes": "Anterior meningeal route; exact vertebral level remains estimated. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior meningeal branch of the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right): this is a small branch of the distal [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) that contributes to the dura of the anterior [foramen magnum](#structure-landmark.foramen-magnum.midline)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.va_anterior_meningeal.left", "name": "VA anterior meningeal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v2", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "VA anterior meningeal", "P01" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA anterior meningeal left" }, "color": "#eda97d", "notes": "Anterior meningeal route; exact vertebral level remains estimated. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P01" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Anterior meningeal branch of the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left): this is a small branch of the distal [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) that contributes to the dura of the anterior [foramen magnum](#structure-landmark.foramen-magnum.midline)." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_1.right", "name": "VA medullary perforator 1 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "VA medullary perforator 1", "P02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA medullary perforator 1 right" }, "color": "#eda97d", "notes": "Direct vertebral medullary perforator, distinct from PICA. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Perforators supplying the medulla and pyramids traverse the foramen caecum on the anterior medulla at the pontomedullary junction and penetrates all the way back to the tegmentum and floor of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_1.left", "name": "VA medullary perforator 1 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "VA medullary perforator 1", "P02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA medullary perforator 1 left" }, "color": "#eda97d", "notes": "Direct vertebral medullary perforator, distinct from PICA. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Perforators supplying the medulla and pyramids traverse the foramen caecum on the anterior medulla at the pontomedullary junction and penetrates all the way back to the tegmentum and floor of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_2.right", "name": "VA medullary perforator 2 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "VA medullary perforator 2", "P02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA medullary perforator 2 right" }, "color": "#eda97d", "notes": "Direct vertebral medullary perforator, distinct from PICA. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Perforators supplying the medulla and pyramids traverse the foramen caecum on the anterior medulla at the pontomedullary junction and penetrates all the way back to the tegmentum and floor of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_2.left", "name": "VA medullary perforator 2 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v4", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "VA medullary perforator 2", "P02" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "VA medullary perforator 2 left" }, "color": "#eda97d", "notes": "Direct vertebral medullary perforator, distinct from PICA. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P02" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Perforators supplying the medulla and pyramids traverse the foramen caecum on the anterior medulla at the pontomedullary junction and penetrates all the way back to the tegmentum and floor of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "name": "AICA subarcuate right", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.subarcuate_petrosal_mma.right", "artery.connection.subarcuate_stylomastoid.right", "artery.connection.subarcuate_apa_auditory.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA subarcuate", "P04", "X07", "X15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA subarcuate right" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Subarcuate dural route towards petrous posterior surface, regional canal estimate. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04", "X07", "X15" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The subarcuate branch is dural, runs in the petromastoid canal, and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) and [stylomastoid](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right) branches." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "name": "AICA subarcuate left", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.subarcuate_petrosal_mma.left", "artery.connection.subarcuate_stylomastoid.left", "artery.connection.subarcuate_apa_auditory.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA subarcuate", "P04", "X07", "X15" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA subarcuate left" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Subarcuate dural route towards petrous posterior surface, regional canal estimate. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04", "X07", "X15" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The subarcuate branch is dural, runs in the petromastoid canal, and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) and [stylomastoid](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left) branches." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.aica_fourth_ventricular_choroidal.right", "name": "AICA fourth ventricular choroidal right", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA fourth ventricular choroidal", "P04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA fourth ventricular choroidal right" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Representative fourth ventricular choroidal territory; ventricle registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) supplies the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.aica_fourth_ventricular_choroidal.left", "name": "AICA fourth ventricular choroidal left", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "AICA fourth ventricular choroidal", "P04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "AICA fourth ventricular choroidal left" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Representative fourth ventricular choroidal territory; ventricle registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) supplies the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.common_cochlear.right", "name": "Common cochlear right", "parent": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Common cochlear", "P04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Common cochlear right" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Labyrinthine cochlear subdivision; inner ear context unresolved. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery](#structure-artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right) divides into cochlear and anterior vestibular branches, which are the main supply of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.common_cochlear.left", "name": "Common cochlear left", "parent": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Common cochlear", "P04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Common cochlear left" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Labyrinthine cochlear subdivision; inner ear context unresolved. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery](#structure-artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left) divides into cochlear and anterior vestibular branches, which are the main supply of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_vestibular.right", "name": "Anterior vestibular right", "parent": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior vestibular", "P04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior vestibular right" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Labyrinthine anterior vestibular subdivision. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery](#structure-artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right) divides into cochlear and anterior vestibular branches, which are the main supply of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_vestibular.left", "name": "Anterior vestibular left", "parent": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior vestibular", "P04" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior vestibular left" }, "color": "#67c9be", "notes": "Labyrinthine anterior vestibular subdivision. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P04" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery](#structure-artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left) divides into cochlear and anterior vestibular branches, which are the main supply of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.sca_proximal_perforator.right", "name": "SCA proximal perforator right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA proximal perforator", "P05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA proximal perforator right" }, "color": "#78b3ed", "notes": "Proximal SCA brainstem representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Perforators from the proximal [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) to the pons, midbrain, and inferior colliculus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.sca_proximal_perforator.left", "name": "SCA proximal perforator left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA proximal perforator", "P05" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA proximal perforator left" }, "color": "#78b3ed", "notes": "Proximal SCA brainstem representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P05" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Perforators from the proximal [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) to the pons, midbrain, and inferior colliculus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.right", "name": "SCA tectal branch right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA tectal branch", "P05", "P08", "X19" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA tectal branch right" }, "color": "#78b3ed", "notes": "Tectal pial territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P05", "P08", "X19" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A medial branch of the rostral division of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) supplies the tectal anastomotic network that supplies the colliculi, occasionally anastomosing with collicular branches of the PCA, and the superior cerebellar peduncle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.left", "name": "SCA tectal branch left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "SCA tectal branch", "P05", "P08", "X19" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "SCA tectal branch left" }, "color": "#78b3ed", "notes": "Tectal pial territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P05", "P08", "X19" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "A medial branch of the rostral division of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) supplies the tectal anastomotic network that supplies the colliculi, occasionally anastomosing with collicular branches of the PCA, and the superior cerebellar peduncle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right", "name": "Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger artery right", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger artery", "P05", "X17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger artery right" }, "color": "#78b3ed", "notes": "SCA dural medial tentorial branch, separate from pial hemispheric tree. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P05", "X17" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The artery of Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger: this dural branch arises from the lateral pontomesencephalic segment of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right). It runs through the ambient cistern to supply the medial tentorium." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left", "name": "Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger artery left", "parent": "artery.posterior.sca_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger artery", "P05", "X17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger artery left" }, "color": "#78b3ed", "notes": "SCA dural medial tentorial branch, separate from pial hemispheric tree. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P05", "X17" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The artery of Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger: this dural branch arises from the lateral pontomesencephalic segment of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left). It runs through the ambient cistern to supply the medial tentorium." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.right", "name": "Davidoff and Schechter artery right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Davidoff and Schechter artery", "P06", "X17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Davidoff and Schechter artery right" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Selected proximal P2/ambient origin; falcotentorial dural target. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P06", "X17" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Meningeal branch of Davidoff and Schechter: this eponymous branch is named after the mentors of those who first described it. It is a dural artery arising from the PCA near the falcotentorial junction to supply the falx cerebri. Often too small to be seen angiographically, it is more frequently seen in dural arteriovenous fistulas." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.left", "name": "Davidoff and Schechter artery left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p2_p3_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Davidoff and Schechter artery", "P06", "X17" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Davidoff and Schechter artery left" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Selected proximal P2/ambient origin; falcotentorial dural target. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P06", "X17" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Meningeal branch of Davidoff and Schechter: this eponymous branch is named after the mentors of those who first described it. It is a dural artery arising from the PCA near the falcotentorial junction to supply the falx cerebri. Often too small to be seen angiographically, it is more frequently seen in dural arteriovenous fistulas." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pontine_short_circumflex.right", "name": "Pontine short circumflex right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pontine short circumflex", "P07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine short circumflex right" }, "color": "#f2c477", "notes": "Selected short circumflex pontine branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Short circumflex branches partially encircle the pons." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pontine_short_circumflex.left", "name": "Pontine short circumflex left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pontine short circumflex", "P07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine short circumflex left" }, "color": "#f2c477", "notes": "Selected short circumflex pontine branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Short circumflex branches partially encircle the pons." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pontine_long_circumflex.right", "name": "Pontine long circumflex right", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pontine long circumflex", "P07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine long circumflex right" }, "color": "#f2c477", "notes": "Selected long circumflex pontine branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long circumflex branches fully encircle the pons and generally have fewer terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pontine_long_circumflex.left", "name": "Pontine long circumflex left", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pontine long circumflex", "P07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine long circumflex left" }, "color": "#f2c477", "notes": "Selected long circumflex pontine branch. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long circumflex branches fully encircle the pons and generally have fewer terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pontine_median_perforator.midline", "name": "Pontine median perforator", "parent": "artery.posterior.basilar", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Pontine median perforator", "P07" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Pontine median perforator" }, "color": "#f2c477", "notes": "Selected median pontine representative. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P07" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Median branches penetrate the pons directly in the midline and are visible only when the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) is retracted. They penetrate to the floor of the fourth ventricle." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pca_short_circumflex.right", "name": "PCA short circumflex right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA short circumflex", "P08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA short circumflex right" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Short circumflex midbrain territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long and short circumflex arteries: these may arise from the P1 or P2 segments and supply the geniculate bodies, peduncle, and tegmentum." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pca_short_circumflex.left", "name": "PCA short circumflex left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA short circumflex", "P08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA short circumflex left" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Short circumflex midbrain territory. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long and short circumflex arteries: these may arise from the P1 or P2 segments and supply the geniculate bodies, peduncle, and tegmentum." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pca_long_circumflex.right", "name": "PCA long circumflex right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "children": [ "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA long circumflex", "P08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA long circumflex right" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Long circumflex midbrain course to tectal region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long and short circumflex arteries: these may arise from the P1 or P2 segments and supply the geniculate bodies, peduncle, and tegmentum. The long circumflex extends to the colliculi and additionally supplies the tectum." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pca_long_circumflex.left", "name": "PCA long circumflex left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "children": [ "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA long circumflex", "P08" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA long circumflex left" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Long circumflex midbrain course to tectal region. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P08" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Long and short circumflex arteries: these may arise from the P1 or P2 segments and supply the geniculate bodies, peduncle, and tegmentum. The long circumflex extends to the colliculi and additionally supplies the tectum." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.right", "name": "PCA collicular right", "parent": "artery.amendment.pca_long_circumflex.right", "children": [ "artery.connection.pca_sca_tectal_network.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA collicular", "P08", "X19" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA collicular right" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Selected collicular terminal. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P08", "X19" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Collicular arteries sometimes arise distinctly from the [P1 segment](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_p1_right) (running medial to P2) or P2 segment. They curve around and send branches to the cerebral peduncle, terminating at the collicular (quadrigeminal) plate. An anastomosis between the PCA and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) can occur at this location." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.left", "name": "PCA collicular left", "parent": "artery.amendment.pca_long_circumflex.left", "children": [ "artery.connection.pca_sca_tectal_network.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "PCA collicular", "P08", "X19" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "PCA collicular left" }, "color": "#c38bef", "notes": "Selected collicular terminal. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P08", "X19" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Collicular arteries sometimes arise distinctly from the [P1 segment](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_p1_left) (running medial to P2) or P2 segment. They curve around and send branches to the cerebral peduncle, terminating at the collicular (quadrigeminal) plate. An anastomosis between the PCA and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) can occur at this location." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.right", "name": "Tuberothalamic artery right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Tuberothalamic artery", "P09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Tuberothalamic artery right" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Tuberothalamic/anterior thalamoperforating representative, variable configuration. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The tuberothalamic artery is a particularly prominent anterior thalamoperforating artery from the superolateral aspect of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right). It supplies the anterior thalamus, reticular nucleus, and mammillothalamic tract." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.left", "name": "Tuberothalamic artery left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Tuberothalamic artery", "P09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Tuberothalamic artery left" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Tuberothalamic/anterior thalamoperforating representative, variable configuration. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The tuberothalamic artery is a particularly prominent anterior thalamoperforating artery from the superolateral aspect of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left). It supplies the anterior thalamus, reticular nucleus, and mammillothalamic tract." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_thalamoperforating_branch.right", "name": "Anterior thalamoperforating branch right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior thalamoperforating branch", "P09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior thalamoperforating branch right" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Selected anterior thalamoperforator; not a universal perforator count. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior thalamoperforators of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right) arise from the superolateral aspect and a particularly prominent one is the [tuberothalamic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.right), which supplies the anterior thalamus, reticular nucleus, and mammillothalamic tract. The anterior thalamoperforating group also supply the posterior optic chiasm, proximal optic radiations, posterior hypothalamus, and cerebral peduncle. They anastomose with choroidal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_thalamoperforating_branch.left", "name": "Anterior thalamoperforating branch left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior thalamoperforating branch", "P09" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior thalamoperforating branch left" }, "color": "#f0b078", "notes": "Selected anterior thalamoperforator; not a universal perforator count. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P09" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The anterior thalamoperforators of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left) arise from the superolateral aspect and a particularly prominent one is the [tuberothalamic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.tuberothalamic_artery.left), which supplies the anterior thalamus, reticular nucleus, and mammillothalamic tract. The anterior thalamoperforating group also supply the posterior optic chiasm, proximal optic radiations, posterior hypothalamus, and cerebral peduncle. They anastomose with choroidal arteries." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "name": "Anterior choroidal plexal representative right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.anterior_lateral_posterior_choroidal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior choroidal plexal representative", "A06", "P11", "X18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior choroidal plexal representative right" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "Estimated lateral ventricular choroidal territory. Plexal point is not an absolute end to parenchymal branches. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06", "P11", "X18" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) enters the choroidal fissure and terminates in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. Occasionally, it may sweep around the pulvinar to reach the foramen of Monro. It anastomoses with the posterior choroidal artery via its intraventricular terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "name": "Anterior choroidal plexal representative left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.anterior_lateral_posterior_choroidal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Anterior choroidal plexal representative", "A06", "P11", "X18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Anterior choroidal plexal representative left" }, "color": "#c5b0eb", "notes": "Estimated lateral ventricular choroidal territory. Plexal point is not an absolute end to parenchymal branches. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "A06", "P11", "X18" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) enters the choroidal fissure and terminates in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. Occasionally, it may sweep around the pulvinar to reach the foramen of Monro. It anastomoses with the posterior choroidal artery via its intraventricular terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "name": "Lateral posterior choroidal plexal representative right", "parent": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral posterior choroidal plexal representative", "P11", "X18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral posterior choroidal plexal representative right" }, "color": "#ccd59b", "notes": "Estimated lateral ventricular plexal network; registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [lateral posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right) enters the choroidal fissure and lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "name": "Lateral posterior choroidal plexal representative left", "parent": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral posterior choroidal plexal representative", "P11", "X18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Lateral posterior choroidal plexal representative left" }, "color": "#ccd59b", "notes": "Estimated lateral ventricular plexal network; registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [lateral posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left) enters the choroidal fissure and lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "name": "Medial posterior choroidal plexal representative right", "parent": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right", "children": [ "artery.connection.medial_lateral_posterior_choroidal.right", "artery.connection.posterior_choroidal_splenial.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial posterior choroidal plexal representative", "P11", "X18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial posterior choroidal plexal representative right" }, "color": "#ccd59b", "notes": "Estimated third ventricular/velum interpositum territory; registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) enters the roof of the third ventricle within the velum interpositum to supply the choroid plexus. Terminal branches anastomose with the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right) at the foramen of Monro." }, { "id": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "name": "Medial posterior choroidal plexal representative left", "parent": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left", "children": [ "artery.connection.medial_lateral_posterior_choroidal.left", "artery.connection.posterior_choroidal_splenial.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Medial posterior choroidal plexal representative", "P11", "X18" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided regional course; tissue relationships and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.kiyosue2020" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Medial posterior choroidal plexal representative left" }, "color": "#ccd59b", "notes": "Estimated third ventricular/velum interpositum territory; registration pending. Representative branch; not a fixed universal number. Bilateral reference configuration, not independent patient segmentation. Calibre illustrative; tissue course not certified.", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) enters the roof of the third ventricle within the velum interpositum to supply the choroid plexus. Terminal branches anastomose with the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left) at the foramen of Monro." }, { "id": "artery.connection.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic_ilt.right", "name": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic\u2013ILT right", "parent": "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic\u2013ILT right" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right", "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_right" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X01" ], "description": "The anteromedial ramus is directed towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right), supplying CNs III, IV, V1, and the abducens nerve (CN VI), and forming an anastomosis with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) as the [deep recurrent ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sof_artery_anteromedial_ilt.right", "name": "SOF artery\u2013anteromedial ILT right", "parent": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "SOF artery\u2013anteromedial ILT right" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_right" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "E11", "X01" ], "description": "The [artery of the superior orbital fissure](#structure-artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right) anastomoses with the anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) and the recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sof_artery_recurrent_meningeal.right", "name": "SOF artery\u2013recurrent meningeal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "SOF artery\u2013recurrent meningeal right" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "E11", "X01" ], "description": "The [artery of the superior orbital fissure](#structure-artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right) anastomoses with the anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) and the recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.posterior_cavernous_mma_posterolateral_ilt.right", "name": "Posterior cavernous MMA\u2013posterolateral ILT right", "parent": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Posterior cavernous MMA\u2013posterolateral ILT right" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right", "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_right" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X04" ], "description": "The posterolateral branch supplies the trigeminal ganglion and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) at the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.inferior_lacrimal_infraorbital_muscular.right", "name": "Inferior lacrimal\u2013infraorbital muscular right", "parent": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Inferior lacrimal\u2013infraorbital muscular right" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X05" ], "description": "The distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right) has anastomoses with the [inferior branch of the lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right) via the [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right) and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.facial_nerve_arcade.right", "name": "Facial nerve arcade right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Facial nerve arcade right" }, "notes": "Intratemporal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right" ], "compartment": "intratemporal", "auditItems": [ "E08", "X06" ], "description": "The [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right) enters the [stylomastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.stylomastoid.right) with the facial nerve, which it supplies, contributing to the facial arcade in the temporal bone with the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.superior_anterior_tympanic.right", "name": "Superior\u2013anterior tympanic right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Superior\u2013anterior tympanic right" }, "notes": "Tympanic potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right" ], "compartment": "tympanic", "auditItems": [ "X07" ], "description": "The [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) supplies the mandibular joint and the tympanic cavity, where it anastomoses with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right), and [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.superior_inferior_tympanic.right", "name": "Superior\u2013inferior tympanic right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Superior\u2013inferior tympanic right" }, "notes": "Tympanic potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right" ], "compartment": "tympanic", "auditItems": [ "X07" ], "description": "The [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) supplies the mandibular joint and the tympanic cavity, where it anastomoses with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right), and [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.stylomastoid_inferior_tympanic.right", "name": "Stylomastoid\u2013inferior tympanic right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Stylomastoid\u2013inferior tympanic right" }, "notes": "Tympanic potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right" ], "compartment": "tympanic", "auditItems": [ "X07" ], "description": "The [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right) enters the tympanic cavity and anastomoses with the [superior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right) from the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right), [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right) branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right), the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right) branch of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), and the arcuate branch of the [anterior inferior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) ([AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right))." }, { "id": "artery.connection.subarcuate_petrosal_mma.right", "name": "Subarcuate\u2013petrosal MMA right", "parent": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Subarcuate\u2013petrosal MMA right" }, "notes": "Intratemporal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right" ], "compartment": "intratemporal", "auditItems": [ "P04", "X07" ], "description": "The [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) is dural, runs in the petromastoid canal, and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) and [stylomastoid](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right) branches." }, { "id": "artery.connection.subarcuate_stylomastoid.right", "name": "Subarcuate\u2013stylomastoid right", "parent": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Subarcuate\u2013stylomastoid right" }, "notes": "Intratemporal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right" ], "compartment": "intratemporal", "auditItems": [ "P04", "X07" ], "description": "The [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) is dural, runs in the petromastoid canal, and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) and [stylomastoid](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right) branches." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pharyngeal_carotid_recurrent_lacerum.right", "name": "Pharyngeal carotid\u2013recurrent lacerum right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Pharyngeal carotid\u2013recurrent lacerum right" }, "notes": "Lacerum potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right" ], "compartment": "lacerum", "auditItems": [ "X10" ], "description": "The [carotid branch of the superior pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.right) traverses the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) to anastomose with the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right) from the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), both ipsilateral and contralateral." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apa_musculospinal_va.right", "name": "APA musculospinal\u2013VA right", "parent": "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APA musculospinal\u2013VA right" }, "notes": "Upper cervical potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.right", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_right" ], "compartment": "upper cervical", "auditItems": [ "X11" ], "description": "The [musculospinal branch](#structure-artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.right) laterally anastomoses with the C3 radicular anastomotic artery from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apa_prevertebral_odontoid.right", "name": "APA prevertebral\u2013odontoid right", "parent": "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APA prevertebral\u2013odontoid right" }, "notes": "Upper cervical potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right", "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right" ], "compartment": "upper cervical", "auditItems": [ "E17", "X09" ], "description": "The [prevertebral branch](#structure-artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right), running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right), forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_right) radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_accessory_meningeal_circle.right", "name": "Tubal\u2013accessory meningeal circle right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013accessory meningeal circle right" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.right" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "The [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) forms smaller anastomotic connections around the Eustachian tube with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), the [mandibular branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right), and the [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right) from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_mandibular_ica_circle.right", "name": "Tubal\u2013mandibular ICA circle right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013mandibular ICA circle right" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "A02", "X13" ], "description": "The [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) forms smaller anastomotic connections around the Eustachian tube with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), the [mandibular branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right), and the [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right) from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_pterygovaginal_circle.right", "name": "Tubal\u2013pterygovaginal circle right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013pterygovaginal circle right" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "The [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) forms smaller anastomotic connections around the Eustachian tube with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), the [mandibular branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right), and the [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right) from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mandibular_vidian_circle.right", "name": "Mandibular\u2013vidian circle right", "parent": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Mandibular\u2013vidian circle right" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right", "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "The [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [pharyngeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right) contributes to the Eustachian tube anastomotic circle. It is connected to the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous)\u2019s mandibular and vidian arteries and forms connections with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right) and [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right) (distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right)). It also sends a branch through the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right) to the cavernous sinus, joining the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right) and the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_maxillary_vidian_circle.right", "name": "Tubal\u2013maxillary vidian circle right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013maxillary vidian circle right" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "Anastomoses: [vidian artery of the ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right), [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right), mandibular artery, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right) ([superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right)), [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right), and [ascending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right) arteries (the pharyngeal/Eustachian tube anastomosis)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.lateral_clival_apa_mht.right", "name": "Lateral clival APA\u2013MHT right", "parent": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Lateral clival APA\u2013MHT right" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "E18", "X14" ], "description": "The lateral clival artery supplies the dura of the clivus. It has lateral and inferolateral branches which follow, respectively, the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. There are anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart, the [jugular branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), and the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.clival_posterior_cavernous_mma.right", "name": "Clival\u2013posterior cavernous MMA right", "parent": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Clival\u2013posterior cavernous MMA right" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "X14" ], "description": "The posterior cavernous branch of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) anastomoses with the medial clival artery and the carotid branch of the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.lateral_clival_recurrent_ilt.right", "name": "Lateral clival\u2013recurrent ILT right", "parent": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Lateral clival\u2013recurrent ILT right" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "X14" ], "description": "Clival branches of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right) anastomose with branches of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right) and other clival branches of the [meningohypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right) and can supply the abducens nerve in Dorello\u2019s canal." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_sigmoid.right", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA sigmoid right", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA sigmoid right" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "E14", "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.right) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_mma_petrosquamosal.right", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013MMA petrosquamosal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013MMA petrosquamosal right" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.right) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_jugular.right", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA jugular right", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA jugular right" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.right) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_hypoglossal_meningeal.right", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013hypoglossal meningeal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013hypoglossal meningeal right" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.right) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.subarcuate_apa_auditory.right", "name": "Subarcuate\u2013APA auditory right", "parent": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Subarcuate\u2013APA auditory right" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.right" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.anterior_falcine_mma_paramedian.right", "name": "Anterior falcine\u2013MMA paramedian right", "parent": "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Anterior falcine\u2013MMA paramedian right" }, "notes": "Falx cerebri potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.right", "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.right" ], "compartment": "falx cerebri", "auditItems": [ "X16" ], "description": "Paramedian arteries: these are the terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right). They are directed anteriorly or posteriorly along the superior sagittal sinus and anastomose with the anterior (from the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right)) or posterior (from the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right)) falcine arteries. They deliver small branches to the superior sagittal sinus and falx cerebri. They also anastomose with dural branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA; Davidoff and Schechter) and the [superior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) ([SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right); [artery of Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger](#structure-artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right))." }, { "id": "artery.connection.aca_falcine_mma_falcine.right", "name": "ACA falcine\u2013MMA falcine right", "parent": "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "ACA falcine\u2013MMA falcine right" }, "notes": "Falx cerebri potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.right", "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.right" ], "compartment": "falx cerebri", "auditItems": [ "X16" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.falx_cerebelli_va_posterior_meningeal.right", "name": "Falx cerebelli\u2013VA posterior meningeal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Falx cerebelli\u2013VA posterior meningeal right" }, "notes": "Falx cerebelli potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right", "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right" ], "compartment": "falx cerebelli", "auditItems": [ "X16" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.basal_tentorial_sca_dural.right", "name": "Basal tentorial\u2013SCA dural right", "parent": "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Basal tentorial\u2013SCA dural right" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.right", "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_pca_dural.right", "name": "MMA tentorial\u2013PCA dural right", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA tentorial\u2013PCA dural right" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.right" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.apa_tentorial_sca_dural.right", "name": "APA tentorial\u2013SCA dural right", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APA tentorial\u2013SCA dural right" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_tentorial_pca_dural.right", "name": "Occipital tentorial\u2013PCA dural right", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital tentorial\u2013PCA dural right" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.right" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.anterior_lateral_posterior_choroidal.right", "name": "Anterior\u2013lateral posterior choroidal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Anterior\u2013lateral posterior choroidal right" }, "notes": "Choroidal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right" ], "compartment": "choroidal", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "description": "The [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) anastomoses with the posterior choroidal artery via its intraventricular terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.connection.medial_lateral_posterior_choroidal.right", "name": "Medial\u2013lateral posterior choroidal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Medial\u2013lateral posterior choroidal right" }, "notes": "Choroidal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right" ], "compartment": "choroidal", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "description": "Terminal branches of the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) anastomose with the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right) at the foramen of Monro." }, { "id": "artery.connection.posterior_choroidal_splenial.right", "name": "Posterior choroidal\u2013splenial right", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Posterior choroidal\u2013splenial right" }, "notes": "Choroidal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right" ], "compartment": "choroidal", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "description": "Posterior pericallosal (or splenial) branches: these small vessels originate from the P3 segment, parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior temporal arteries. They can form a common trunk with the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) or can anastomose with the latter via a recurrent branch to the fornix. They are directed posteriorly initially and then turn abruptly anterosuperiorly to reach the corpus callosum. They anastomose with the terminal branches of the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.aca_mca_frontal_border_zone.right", "name": "ACA\u2013MCA frontal border zone right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "ACA\u2013MCA frontal border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_right", "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.aca_mca_parietal_border_zone.right", "name": "ACA\u2013MCA parietal border zone right", "parent": "artery.anterior.paracentral_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "ACA\u2013MCA parietal border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.paracentral_right", "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.mca_pca_temporal_border_zone.right", "name": "MCA\u2013PCA temporal border zone right", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MCA\u2013PCA temporal border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.mca_pca_occipital_border_zone.right", "name": "MCA\u2013PCA occipital border zone right", "parent": "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MCA\u2013PCA occipital border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_right", "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.pericallosal_splenial.right", "name": "Pericallosal\u2013splenial right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Pericallosal\u2013splenial right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "A11", "P12", "X19" ], "description": "Posterior pericallosal (or splenial) branches: these small vessels originate from the P3 segment, parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior temporal arteries. They can form a common trunk with the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) or can anastomose with the latter via a recurrent branch to the fornix. They are directed posteriorly initially and then turn abruptly anterosuperiorly to reach the corpus callosum. They anastomose with the terminal branches of the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pca_sca_tectal_network.right", "name": "PCA\u2013SCA tectal network right", "parent": "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "PCA\u2013SCA tectal network right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.right", "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P08", "P12", "X19" ], "description": "Collicular arteries sometimes arise distinctly from the [P1 segment](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_p1_right) (running medial to P2) or P2 segment. They curve around and send branches to the cerebral peduncle, terminating at the collicular (quadrigeminal) plate. An anastomosis between the PCA and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) can occur at this location." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pica_aica_pial_border_zone.right", "name": "PICA\u2013AICA pial border zone right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "PICA\u2013AICA pial border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_right", "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ], "description": "The [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) has anastomoses with branches of the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.aica_sca_pial_border_zone.right", "name": "AICA\u2013SCA pial border zone right", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "AICA\u2013SCA pial border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_right", "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ], "description": "The [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) has anastomoses with branches of the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right) and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pica_sca_vermian_border_zone.right", "name": "PICA\u2013SCA vermian border zone right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "PICA\u2013SCA vermian border zone right" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_right", "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_right" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ], "description": "The superior vermian terminal branch of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_right) supplies the vermis and anastomoses with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_right) and [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.superior_palpebral_arcade.right", "name": "Superior palpebral arcade right", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Superior palpebral arcade right" }, "notes": "Palpebral potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.right" ], "compartment": "palpebral", "auditItems": [ "E03" ], "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.connection.inferior_palpebral_arcade.right", "name": "Inferior palpebral arcade right", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Inferior palpebral arcade right" }, "notes": "Palpebral potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.right" ], "compartment": "palpebral", "auditItems": [ "E03" ], "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_right) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_buccal.right", "name": "Facial\u2013maxillary buccal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Facial\u2013maxillary buccal right" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "Anastomoses: ascending branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) and the superior masseteric branch of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right). It is an important route for [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) reconstitution after proximal [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) ligation." }, { "id": "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_masseteric.right", "name": "Facial\u2013maxillary masseteric right", "parent": "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Facial\u2013maxillary masseteric right" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The [masseteric artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right) anastomoses with masseteric branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right) and [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.transverse_facial_facial.right", "name": "Transverse facial\u2013facial right", "parent": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Transverse facial\u2013facial right" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.right", "artery.eca.facial.right" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The superior division passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.transverse_facial_infraorbital.right", "name": "Transverse facial\u2013infraorbital right", "parent": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Transverse facial\u2013infraorbital right" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The superior division passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.zygomatico_orbital_lacrimal.right", "name": "Zygomatico-orbital\u2013lacrimal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Zygomatico-orbital\u2013lacrimal right" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.right", "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "E06", "X20" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.posterior_septal_posterior_ethmoidal.right", "name": "Posterior septal\u2013posterior ethmoidal right", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Posterior septal\u2013posterior ethmoidal right" }, "notes": "Nasal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.right", "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right" ], "compartment": "nasal", "auditItems": [ "E13" ], "description": "Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus is located on the anterior inferior quadrant of the nasal septum (Little\u2019s area). It is supplied by five vessels: the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right), [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right), greater palatine, [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right), and [posterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.septal_palatine_network.right", "name": "Septal\u2013palatine network right", "parent": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Septal\u2013palatine network right" }, "notes": "Nasal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right", "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right" ], "compartment": "nasal", "auditItems": [ "E13", "X20" ], "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right) anastomoses with the [posterior septal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right) from the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right) and with the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.labial_septal_plexus.right", "name": "Labial\u2013septal plexus right", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Labial\u2013septal plexus right" }, "notes": "Nasal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter. Potential pathway transported with its corrected labial endpoints; named relationships retained.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right" ], "compartment": "nasal", "auditItems": [ "E13", "X20" ], "description": "The [superior labial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right) delivers branches to the nasal septum and ala and can anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right).\n\nKiesselbach\u2019s plexus is supplied by the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right), [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right), greater palatine, [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right), and [posterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_posterior_auricular_scalp.right", "name": "STA\u2013posterior auricular scalp right", "parent": "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013posterior auricular scalp right" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.right", "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.right" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The [parietal division of the STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right) runs posterosuperiorly and anastomoses with the occipital, [deep middle temporal](#structure-artery.eca.middle_temporal.right), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_posterior_auricular_scalp.right", "name": "Occipital\u2013posterior auricular scalp right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital\u2013posterior auricular scalp right" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_occipital_scalp.right", "name": "STA\u2013occipital scalp right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013occipital scalp right" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The [parietal division of the STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right) runs posterosuperiorly and anastomoses with the occipital, [deep middle temporal](#structure-artery.eca.middle_temporal.right), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_supratrochlear_scalp.right", "name": "STA\u2013supratrochlear scalp right", "parent": "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013supratrochlear scalp right" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right", "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_right" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_mma_transosseous_potential.right", "name": "STA\u2013MMA transosseous potential right", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013MMA transosseous potential right" }, "notes": "Transosseous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right" ], "compartment": "transosseous", "auditItems": [ "X22" ], "description": "All peripheral branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) have potential anastomoses with more superficial arteries such as the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) and [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) via transosseous branches, which become evident under pathological conditions, in particular dural arteriovenous fistulas." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mma_transosseous_potential.right", "name": "Occipital\u2013MMA transosseous potential right", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital\u2013MMA transosseous potential right" }, "notes": "Transosseous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right" ], "compartment": "transosseous", "auditItems": [ "X22" ], "description": "All peripheral branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right) have potential anastomoses with more superficial arteries such as the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right) and [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right) via transosseous branches, which become evident under pathological conditions, in particular dural arteriovenous fistulas." }, { "id": "artery.connection.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic_ilt.left", "name": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic\u2013ILT left", "parent": "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic\u2013ILT left" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left", "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_left" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X01" ], "description": "The anteromedial ramus is directed towards the [superior orbital fissure](#structure-landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left), supplying CNs III, IV, V1, and the abducens nerve (CN VI), and forming an anastomosis with the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) as the [deep recurrent ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sof_artery_anteromedial_ilt.left", "name": "SOF artery\u2013anteromedial ILT left", "parent": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "SOF artery\u2013anteromedial ILT left" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_left" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "E11", "X01" ], "description": "The [artery of the superior orbital fissure](#structure-artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left) anastomoses with the anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) and the recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sof_artery_recurrent_meningeal.left", "name": "SOF artery\u2013recurrent meningeal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "SOF artery\u2013recurrent meningeal left" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "E11", "X01" ], "description": "The [artery of the superior orbital fissure](#structure-artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left) anastomoses with the anteromedial branch of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) and the recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal branch of the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.posterior_cavernous_mma_posterolateral_ilt.left", "name": "Posterior cavernous MMA\u2013posterolateral ILT left", "parent": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Posterior cavernous MMA\u2013posterolateral ILT left" }, "notes": "Cavernous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left", "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_left" ], "compartment": "cavernous", "auditItems": [ "X04" ], "description": "The posterolateral branch supplies the trigeminal ganglion and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) at the [foramen spinosum](#structure-landmark.foramen-spinosum.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.inferior_lacrimal_infraorbital_muscular.left", "name": "Inferior lacrimal\u2013infraorbital muscular left", "parent": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Inferior lacrimal\u2013infraorbital muscular left" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "X05" ], "description": "The distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left) has anastomoses with the [inferior branch of the lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left) via the [anterior deep temporal](#structure-artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left) and [infraorbital arteries](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.facial_nerve_arcade.left", "name": "Facial nerve arcade left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Facial nerve arcade left" }, "notes": "Intratemporal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left" ], "compartment": "intratemporal", "auditItems": [ "E08", "X06" ], "description": "The [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left) enters the [stylomastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.stylomastoid.left) with the facial nerve, which it supplies, contributing to the facial arcade in the temporal bone with the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.superior_anterior_tympanic.left", "name": "Superior\u2013anterior tympanic left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Superior\u2013anterior tympanic left" }, "notes": "Tympanic potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left" ], "compartment": "tympanic", "auditItems": [ "X07" ], "description": "The [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) supplies the mandibular joint and the tympanic cavity, where it anastomoses with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left), and [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.superior_inferior_tympanic.left", "name": "Superior\u2013inferior tympanic left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Superior\u2013inferior tympanic left" }, "notes": "Tympanic potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left" ], "compartment": "tympanic", "auditItems": [ "X07" ], "description": "The [anterior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) supplies the mandibular joint and the tympanic cavity, where it anastomoses with the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left), [superior tympanic](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left), and [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.stylomastoid_inferior_tympanic.left", "name": "Stylomastoid\u2013inferior tympanic left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Stylomastoid\u2013inferior tympanic left" }, "notes": "Tympanic potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left" ], "compartment": "tympanic", "auditItems": [ "X07" ], "description": "The [stylomastoid artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left) enters the tympanic cavity and anastomoses with the [superior tympanic artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left) from the [petrosal branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left), [anterior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left) branch of the [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left), the [inferior tympanic](#structure-artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left) branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), the [caroticotympanic](#structure-artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left) branch of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), and the arcuate branch of the [anterior inferior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) ([AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left))." }, { "id": "artery.connection.subarcuate_petrosal_mma.left", "name": "Subarcuate\u2013petrosal MMA left", "parent": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Subarcuate\u2013petrosal MMA left" }, "notes": "Intratemporal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left" ], "compartment": "intratemporal", "auditItems": [ "P04", "X07" ], "description": "The [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) is dural, runs in the petromastoid canal, and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) and [stylomastoid](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left) branches." }, { "id": "artery.connection.subarcuate_stylomastoid.left", "name": "Subarcuate\u2013stylomastoid left", "parent": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Subarcuate\u2013stylomastoid left" }, "notes": "Intratemporal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left" ], "compartment": "intratemporal", "auditItems": [ "P04", "X07" ], "description": "The [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) is dural, runs in the petromastoid canal, and anastomoses with the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) and [stylomastoid](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left) branches." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pharyngeal_carotid_recurrent_lacerum.left", "name": "Pharyngeal carotid\u2013recurrent lacerum left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Pharyngeal carotid\u2013recurrent lacerum left" }, "notes": "Lacerum potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left" ], "compartment": "lacerum", "auditItems": [ "X10" ], "description": "The [carotid branch of the superior pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.left) traverses the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) to anastomose with the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left) from the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), both ipsilateral and contralateral." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apa_musculospinal_va.left", "name": "APA musculospinal\u2013VA left", "parent": "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APA musculospinal\u2013VA left" }, "notes": "Upper cervical potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.left", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_left" ], "compartment": "upper cervical", "auditItems": [ "X11" ], "description": "The [musculospinal branch](#structure-artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.left) laterally anastomoses with the C3 radicular anastomotic artery from the [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.apa_prevertebral_odontoid.left", "name": "APA prevertebral\u2013odontoid left", "parent": "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APA prevertebral\u2013odontoid left" }, "notes": "Upper cervical potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left", "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left" ], "compartment": "upper cervical", "auditItems": [ "E17", "X09" ], "description": "The [prevertebral branch](#structure-artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left), running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the [neuromeningeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.neuromeningeal_trunk.right.left), forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 [vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.vertebral_left) radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_accessory_meningeal_circle.left", "name": "Tubal\u2013accessory meningeal circle left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013accessory meningeal circle left" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.left" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "The [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) forms smaller anastomotic connections around the Eustachian tube with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), the [mandibular branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left), and the [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left) from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_mandibular_ica_circle.left", "name": "Tubal\u2013mandibular ICA circle left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013mandibular ICA circle left" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "A02", "X13" ], "description": "The [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) forms smaller anastomotic connections around the Eustachian tube with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), the [mandibular branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left), and the [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left) from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_pterygovaginal_circle.left", "name": "Tubal\u2013pterygovaginal circle left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013pterygovaginal circle left" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "The [AMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) forms smaller anastomotic connections around the Eustachian tube with the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), the [mandibular branch of the petrous ICA](#structure-artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left), and the [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left) from the distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.mandibular_vidian_circle.left", "name": "Mandibular\u2013vidian circle left", "parent": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Mandibular\u2013vidian circle left" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left", "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "The [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [pharyngeal trunk](#structure-artery.eca.apa.pharyngeal_trunk.right.left) contributes to the Eustachian tube anastomotic circle. It is connected to the [petrous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous)\u2019s mandibular and vidian arteries and forms connections with the [accessory meningeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left) and [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left) (distal [IMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.right.left)). It also sends a branch through the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left) to the cavernous sinus, joining the [recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum](#structure-artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left) and the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) from the [cavernous ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.tubal_maxillary_vidian_circle.left", "name": "Tubal\u2013maxillary vidian circle left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Tubal\u2013maxillary vidian circle left" }, "notes": "Pharyngeal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X13" ], "description": "Anastomoses: [vidian artery of the ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left), [pterygovaginal artery](#structure-artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left), mandibular artery, [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left) ([superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left)), [accessory meningeal](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left), and [ascending palatine](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left) arteries (the pharyngeal/Eustachian tube anastomosis)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.lateral_clival_apa_mht.left", "name": "Lateral clival APA\u2013MHT left", "parent": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Lateral clival APA\u2013MHT left" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "E18", "X14" ], "description": "The lateral clival artery supplies the dura of the clivus. It has lateral and inferolateral branches which follow, respectively, the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. There are anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart, the [jugular branch](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), and the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.clival_posterior_cavernous_mma.left", "name": "Clival\u2013posterior cavernous MMA left", "parent": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Clival\u2013posterior cavernous MMA left" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left", "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "X14" ], "description": "The posterior cavernous branch of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) anastomoses with the medial clival artery and the carotid branch of the [superior pharyngeal branch](#structure-artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left) of the [ascending pharyngeal artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.lateral_clival_recurrent_ilt.left", "name": "Lateral clival\u2013recurrent ILT left", "parent": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Lateral clival\u2013recurrent ILT left" }, "notes": "Clival potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "X14" ], "description": "Clival branches of the [jugular artery](#structure-artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left) anastomose with branches of the [ILT](#structure-artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left) and other clival branches of the [meningohypophyseal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left) and can supply the abducens nerve in Dorello\u2019s canal." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_sigmoid.left", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA sigmoid left", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA sigmoid left" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right.left" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "E14", "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.left) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_mma_petrosquamosal.left", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013MMA petrosquamosal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013MMA petrosquamosal left" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.left) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_apa_jugular.left", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA jugular left", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA jugular left" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.left) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mastoid_hypoglossal_meningeal.left", "name": "Occipital mastoid\u2013hypoglossal meningeal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital mastoid\u2013hypoglossal meningeal left" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ], "description": "A large mastoid branch often continues superiorly and then enters the cranium through the [mastoid foramen](#structure-landmark.mastoid-foramen.left) to supply the posterior fossa dura mater: the posterior meningeal artery. It divides into descending, ascending, and posteromedial branches. The descending branch courses along the sigmoid sinus and anastomoses with the sigmoid sinus branch of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left). The ascending branch runs posterosuperiorly along the sigmoid sinus before anastomosing with the [petrosquamous branch of the MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left) and sometimes the [subarcuate branch](#structure-artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left) of the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left). The posteromedial branch courses inferomedially and anastomoses with the hypoglossal, jugular, and musculospinal branches of the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left), or the jugular branch of the [posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery](#structure-artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.subarcuate_apa_auditory.left", "name": "Subarcuate\u2013APA auditory left", "parent": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Subarcuate\u2013APA auditory left" }, "notes": "Posterior fossa dural potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.left" ], "compartment": "posterior fossa dural", "auditItems": [ "X15" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.anterior_falcine_mma_paramedian.left", "name": "Anterior falcine\u2013MMA paramedian left", "parent": "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Anterior falcine\u2013MMA paramedian left" }, "notes": "Falx cerebri potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.left", "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.left" ], "compartment": "falx cerebri", "auditItems": [ "X16" ], "description": "Paramedian arteries: these are the terminal branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left). They are directed anteriorly or posteriorly along the superior sagittal sinus and anastomose with the anterior (from the [anterior ethmoidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left)) or posterior (from the [ascending pharyngeal](#structure-artery.eca.apa.right.left)) falcine arteries. They deliver small branches to the superior sagittal sinus and falx cerebri. They also anastomose with dural branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA; Davidoff and Schechter) and the [superior cerebellar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) ([SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left); [artery of Wollschlaeger and Wollschlaeger](#structure-artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left))." }, { "id": "artery.connection.aca_falcine_mma_falcine.left", "name": "ACA falcine\u2013MMA falcine left", "parent": "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "ACA falcine\u2013MMA falcine left" }, "notes": "Falx cerebri potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.left", "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.left" ], "compartment": "falx cerebri", "auditItems": [ "X16" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.falx_cerebelli_va_posterior_meningeal.left", "name": "Falx cerebelli\u2013VA posterior meningeal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Falx cerebelli\u2013VA posterior meningeal left" }, "notes": "Falx cerebelli potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left", "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left" ], "compartment": "falx cerebelli", "auditItems": [ "X16" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.basal_tentorial_sca_dural.left", "name": "Basal tentorial\u2013SCA dural left", "parent": "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Basal tentorial\u2013SCA dural left" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.left", "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.mma_tentorial_pca_dural.left", "name": "MMA tentorial\u2013PCA dural left", "parent": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MMA tentorial\u2013PCA dural left" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.left" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.apa_tentorial_sca_dural.left", "name": "APA tentorial\u2013SCA dural left", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "APA tentorial\u2013SCA dural left" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_tentorial_pca_dural.left", "name": "Occipital tentorial\u2013PCA dural left", "parent": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital tentorial\u2013PCA dural left" }, "notes": "Tentorial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.left" ], "compartment": "tentorial", "auditItems": [ "X17" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.anterior_lateral_posterior_choroidal.left", "name": "Anterior\u2013lateral posterior choroidal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Anterior\u2013lateral posterior choroidal left" }, "notes": "Choroidal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left" ], "compartment": "choroidal", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "description": "The [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) anastomoses with the posterior choroidal artery via its intraventricular terminal branches." }, { "id": "artery.connection.medial_lateral_posterior_choroidal.left", "name": "Medial\u2013lateral posterior choroidal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Medial\u2013lateral posterior choroidal left" }, "notes": "Choroidal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left" ], "compartment": "choroidal", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "description": "Terminal branches of the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) anastomose with the [lateral posterior choroidal arteries](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left) at the foramen of Monro." }, { "id": "artery.connection.posterior_choroidal_splenial.left", "name": "Posterior choroidal\u2013splenial left", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Posterior choroidal\u2013splenial left" }, "notes": "Choroidal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left" ], "compartment": "choroidal", "auditItems": [ "P11", "X18" ], "description": "Posterior pericallosal (or splenial) branches: these small vessels originate from the P3 segment, parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior temporal arteries. They can form a common trunk with the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) or can anastomose with the latter via a recurrent branch to the fornix. They are directed posteriorly initially and then turn abruptly anterosuperiorly to reach the corpus callosum. They anastomose with the terminal branches of the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.aca_mca_frontal_border_zone.left", "name": "ACA\u2013MCA frontal border zone left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "ACA\u2013MCA frontal border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_left", "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.aca_mca_parietal_border_zone.left", "name": "ACA\u2013MCA parietal border zone left", "parent": "artery.anterior.paracentral_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "ACA\u2013MCA parietal border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.paracentral_left", "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.mca_pca_temporal_border_zone.left", "name": "MCA\u2013PCA temporal border zone left", "parent": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MCA\u2013PCA temporal border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.mca_pca_occipital_border_zone.left", "name": "MCA\u2013PCA occipital border zone left", "parent": "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "MCA\u2013PCA occipital border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_left", "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.pericallosal_splenial.left", "name": "Pericallosal\u2013splenial left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Pericallosal\u2013splenial left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "A11", "P12", "X19" ], "description": "Posterior pericallosal (or splenial) branches: these small vessels originate from the P3 segment, parieto-occipital, calcarine, or posterior temporal arteries. They can form a common trunk with the [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) or can anastomose with the latter via a recurrent branch to the fornix. They are directed posteriorly initially and then turn abruptly anterosuperiorly to reach the corpus callosum. They anastomose with the terminal branches of the [pericallosal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pca_sca_tectal_network.left", "name": "PCA\u2013SCA tectal network left", "parent": "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "PCA\u2013SCA tectal network left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.left", "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P08", "P12", "X19" ], "description": "Collicular arteries sometimes arise distinctly from the [P1 segment](#structure-artery.posterior.pca_p1_left) (running medial to P2) or P2 segment. They curve around and send branches to the cerebral peduncle, terminating at the collicular (quadrigeminal) plate. An anastomosis between the PCA and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) can occur at this location." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pica_aica_pial_border_zone.left", "name": "PICA\u2013AICA pial border zone left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "PICA\u2013AICA pial border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_left", "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ], "description": "The [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) has anastomoses with branches of the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.aica_sca_pial_border_zone.left", "name": "AICA\u2013SCA pial border zone left", "parent": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "AICA\u2013SCA pial border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_left", "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ], "description": "The [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) has anastomoses with branches of the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left) and [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.pica_sca_vermian_border_zone.left", "name": "PICA\u2013SCA vermian border zone left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "PICA\u2013SCA vermian border zone left" }, "notes": "Pial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_left", "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_left" ], "compartment": "pial", "auditItems": [ "P12", "X19" ], "description": "The superior vermian terminal branch of the [SCA](#structure-artery.posterior.sca_left) supplies the vermis and anastomoses with the [AICA](#structure-artery.posterior.aica_left) and [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.superior_palpebral_arcade.left", "name": "Superior palpebral arcade left", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Superior palpebral arcade left" }, "notes": "Palpebral potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.left" ], "compartment": "palpebral", "auditItems": [ "E03" ], "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.connection.inferior_palpebral_arcade.left", "name": "Inferior palpebral arcade left", "parent": "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Inferior palpebral arcade left" }, "notes": "Palpebral potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.left", "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.left" ], "compartment": "palpebral", "auditItems": [ "E03" ], "description": "The [angular artery](#structure-artery.eca.angular.right.left) gives off the medial palpebral artery supplying the eyelids, and anastomoses with the lateral palpebral artery from the [lacrimal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.lacrimal_left) to form the palpebral arcade." }, { "id": "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_buccal.left", "name": "Facial\u2013maxillary buccal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Facial\u2013maxillary buccal left" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right.left" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "Anastomoses: ascending branch of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) and the superior masseteric branch of the [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left). It is an important route for [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) reconstitution after proximal [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) ligation." }, { "id": "artery.connection.facial_maxillary_masseteric.left", "name": "Facial\u2013maxillary masseteric left", "parent": "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Facial\u2013maxillary masseteric left" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right.left" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The [masseteric artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right.left) anastomoses with masseteric branches of the [facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.facial.right.left) and [transverse facial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.transverse_facial.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.transverse_facial_facial.left", "name": "Transverse facial\u2013facial left", "parent": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Transverse facial\u2013facial left" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.left", "artery.eca.facial.right.left" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The superior division passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.transverse_facial_infraorbital.left", "name": "Transverse facial\u2013infraorbital left", "parent": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Transverse facial\u2013infraorbital left" }, "notes": "Facial potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The superior division passes through and supplies the parotid gland before running anteriorly and supplying the face, parotid duct, regional musculature, and the facial nerve. It anastomoses with the [infraorbital](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left), zygomaticomalar, inferior palpebral, buccal, and facial arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.zygomatico_orbital_lacrimal.left", "name": "Zygomatico-orbital\u2013lacrimal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Zygomatico-orbital\u2013lacrimal left" }, "notes": "Orbital potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.left", "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left" ], "compartment": "orbital", "auditItems": [ "E06", "X20" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.posterior_septal_posterior_ethmoidal.left", "name": "Posterior septal\u2013posterior ethmoidal left", "parent": "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Posterior septal\u2013posterior ethmoidal left" }, "notes": "Nasal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.left", "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left" ], "compartment": "nasal", "auditItems": [ "E13" ], "description": "Kiesselbach\u2019s plexus is located on the anterior inferior quadrant of the nasal septum (Little\u2019s area). It is supplied by five vessels: the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left), [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left), greater palatine, [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left), and [posterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.septal_palatine_network.left", "name": "Septal\u2013palatine network left", "parent": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Septal\u2013palatine network left" }, "notes": "Nasal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left", "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left" ], "compartment": "nasal", "auditItems": [ "E13", "X20" ], "description": "The [descending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left) anastomoses with the [posterior septal arteries](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left) from the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left) and with the [ascending palatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.ascending_palatine.right.left)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.labial_septal_plexus.left", "name": "Labial\u2013septal plexus left", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Labial\u2013septal plexus left" }, "notes": "Nasal potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter. Potential pathway transported with its corrected labial endpoints; named relationships retained.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left", "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left" ], "compartment": "nasal", "auditItems": [ "E13", "X20" ], "description": "The [superior labial artery](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left) delivers branches to the nasal septum and ala and can anastomose with the [sphenopalatine artery](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left).\n\nKiesselbach\u2019s plexus is supplied by the [sphenopalatine](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left), [superior labial](#structure-artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left), greater palatine, [anterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left), and [posterior ethmoidal](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_posterior_auricular_scalp.left", "name": "STA\u2013posterior auricular scalp left", "parent": "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013posterior auricular scalp left" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.left", "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.left" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The [parietal division of the STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left) runs posterosuperiorly and anastomoses with the occipital, [deep middle temporal](#structure-artery.eca.middle_temporal.right.left), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_posterior_auricular_scalp.left", "name": "Occipital\u2013posterior auricular scalp left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital\u2013posterior auricular scalp left" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_occipital_scalp.left", "name": "STA\u2013occipital scalp left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013occipital scalp left" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ], "description": "The [parietal division of the STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left) runs posterosuperiorly and anastomoses with the occipital, [deep middle temporal](#structure-artery.eca.middle_temporal.right.left), and [posterior auricular](#structure-artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left) arteries." }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_supratrochlear_scalp.left", "name": "STA\u2013supratrochlear scalp left", "parent": "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013supratrochlear scalp left" }, "notes": "Scalp potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right.left", "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_left" ], "compartment": "scalp", "auditItems": [ "X20" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.sta_mma_transosseous_potential.left", "name": "STA\u2013MMA transosseous potential left", "parent": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "STA\u2013MMA transosseous potential left" }, "notes": "Transosseous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right.left" ], "compartment": "transosseous", "auditItems": [ "X22" ], "description": "All peripheral branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) have potential anastomoses with more superficial arteries such as the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) and [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) via transosseous branches, which become evident under pathological conditions, in particular dural arteriovenous fistulas." }, { "id": "artery.connection.occipital_mma_transosseous_potential.left", "name": "Occipital\u2013MMA transosseous potential left", "parent": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Occipital\u2013MMA transosseous potential left" }, "notes": "Transosseous potential network. Illustrative channel size and regional course; no assertion of normal conspicuous patency or measured diameter.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right.left" ], "compartment": "transosseous", "auditItems": [ "X22" ], "description": "All peripheral branches of the [MMA](#structure-artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left) have potential anastomoses with more superficial arteries such as the [STA](#structure-artery.eca.superficial_temporal.right.left) and [occipital artery](#structure-artery.eca.occipital.right.left) via transosseous branches, which become evident under pathological conditions, in particular dural arteriovenous fistulas." }, { "id": "artery.connection.odontoid_transverse_arcade.midline", "name": "Odontoid transverse arcade midline", "parent": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Odontoid transverse arcade midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left" ], "compartment": "upper cervical", "auditItems": [ "E17", "X09" ], "description": "A descending branch of the hypoglossal artery anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and forms the odontoid arch arcade, together with bilateral C3 radicular branches of the vertebral arteries.\n\nThe prevertebral branch, running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the neuromeningeal trunk, forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 vertebral artery radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.odontoid_inferior_transverse_arcade.midline", "name": "Odontoid inferior transverse arcade midline", "parent": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Odontoid inferior transverse arcade midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right", "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_left" ], "compartment": "upper cervical", "auditItems": [ "E17", "X09" ], "description": "A descending branch of the hypoglossal artery anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart and forms the odontoid arch arcade, together with bilateral C3 radicular branches of the vertebral arteries.\n\nThe prevertebral branch, running along the ventral surface of the C1-C2 vertebrae and typically emerging from the neuromeningeal trunk, forms a U-shaped curve and anastomoses medially with C3 vertebral artery radicular arteries on the surface of the dens and also its contralateral counterpart (the odontoid arcade)." }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_medial_clival.midline", "name": "Contralateral medial clival midline", "parent": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral medial clival midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "E18", "X14", "X21" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_lateral_clival.midline", "name": "Contralateral lateral clival midline", "parent": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral lateral clival midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left" ], "compartment": "clival", "auditItems": [ "E18", "X14", "X21" ], "description": "The lateral clival artery supplies the dura of the clivus. It has lateral and inferolateral branches which follow, respectively, the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. There are anastomoses with its contralateral counterpart, the jugular branch of the ascending pharyngeal, and the MMA." }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_pharyngeal.midline", "name": "Contralateral pharyngeal midline", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral pharyngeal midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right", "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left" ], "compartment": "pharyngeal", "auditItems": [ "X21" ], "description": "Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal branches: these branches supply the pharyngeal submucosal spaces and contribute to a rich anastomotic network with the contralateral ascending pharyngeal artery and IMA." }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_superior_labial.midline", "name": "Contralateral superior labial midline", "parent": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral superior labial midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated. Potential pathway transported with its corrected labial endpoints; named relationships retained.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X21" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_inferior_labial.midline", "name": "Contralateral inferior labial midline", "parent": "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior", "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral inferior labial midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated. Potential pathway transported with its corrected labial endpoints; named relationships retained.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right", "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right.left" ], "compartment": "facial", "auditItems": [ "X21" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_palatal.midline", "name": "Contralateral palatal midline", "parent": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral palatal midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left" ], "compartment": "palatal", "auditItems": [ "X21" ] }, { "id": "artery.connection.contralateral_superior_hypophyseal.midline", "name": "Contralateral superior hypophyseal midline", "parent": "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "midline", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "anastomosis", "potential", "dangerous", "orbital" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.geibprasert2009", "ref.borden.anterior" ] }, "asset": { "file": "models/complete-anastomoses.glb", "node": "Contralateral superior hypophyseal midline" }, "notes": "Small potential cross-midline regional route; tissue course and calibre estimated.", "color": "#ffca48", "displayGroup": "anastomoses", "endpoints": [ "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_right", "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_left" ], "compartment": "hypophyseal", "auditItems": [ "X21" ], "description": "Superior hypophyseal arteries: these small vessels typically arise medially along the paraophthalmic ICA segment and supply the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and optic nerve and some may supply the hypothalamus. There are anastomoses with their contralateral counterparts and ipsilateral PCOM." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cervical", "name": "ICA cervical right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid cervical right", "Shapiro cervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014", "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro cervical region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering. Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous stations corrected to the user\u2019s annotated diagram; continuous ICA course retained.", "color": "#69b8cb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA cervical right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 85.4672371712451, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" }, "description": "This begins at the bifurcation of the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_right) and ends as the artery enters the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.right).\n\nCourse: the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) is contained within the carotid sheath, anteromedial to the IJV. The [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right) is also usually anteromedial initially, before it veers laterally. The vagus nerve and the cranial root of the accessory nerve are located posteriorly." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.petrous", "name": "ICA petrous right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right", "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right", "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid petrous right", "Shapiro petrous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014", "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro petrous region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering. Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous stations corrected to the user\u2019s annotated diagram; continuous ICA course retained.", "color": "#91b77c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA petrous right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 85.4672371712451, "endArcMm": 103.52726907936207, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" }, "description": "From the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.right) to the petrolingual ligament (approximately the anterior aspect of the petrous ridge).\n\nCourse: the segment starts vertically in the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.right) before turning anteromedially and running over the cartilage covering the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.right). It is accompanied by sympathetic fibres from the stellate ganglion and a venous plexus." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous", "name": "ICA cavernous right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid cavernous right", "Shapiro cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014", "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro cavernous region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering. Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous stations corrected to the user\u2019s annotated diagram; continuous ICA course retained.", "color": "#d2c753", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA cavernous right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 103.52726907936207, "endArcMm": 145.280219654165, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" }, "description": "From the petrolingual ligament to the proximal dural ring.\n\nCourse: the vessel runs superiorly along the [posterior clinoid process](#structure-landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.right) to the [anterior clinoid process](#structure-landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.right) before passing through the dural ring. Within the cavernous sinus it lies superomedially to the abducens nerve, and medial to CN III, CN IV, and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of CN V and the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.paraophthalmic", "name": "ICA paraophthalmic right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid paraophthalmic right", "Shapiro paraophthalmic" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro paraophthalmic region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#e5b35c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA paraophthalmic right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 145.280219654165, "endArcMm": 150.23478295851035, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From the estimated distal border of the cavernous segment, just proximal to the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right) ostium, to the ostium of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right).\n\nThis segment incorporates the proximal and distal dural rings (the clinoid [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) segment); however, the dural anatomy in the anterior clinoid region is complex, variable, and impossible to reliably define on imaging, making it difficult to differentiate intradural and extradural aneurysms in this region." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.posterior-communicating", "name": "ICA posterior communicating right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid posterior communicating right", "Shapiro posterior communicating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro posterior communicating region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#e88968", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA posterior communicating right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 150.23478295851035, "endArcMm": 153.75707973976304, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right) ostium to the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) ostium." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.anterior-choroidal", "name": "ICA anterior choroidal right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid anterior choroidal right", "Shapiro anterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro anterior choroidal region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#d77886", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA anterior choroidal right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 153.75707973976304, "endArcMm": 154.90707973976302, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) ostium and immediately adjacent." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.terminus", "name": "ICA terminus right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.mca_m1_right", "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_1.right", "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_2.right", "artery.anterior.aca_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid terminus right", "Shapiro terminus" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro terminus region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#b969ac", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA terminus right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 154.90707973976302, "endArcMm": 157.50897938987103, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From just distal to the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) to the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right) bifurcation.\n\nThis segment contains a variable number of perforating arteries to the anterior perforating substance, which contribute to the collateral reconstitution in Moyamoya disease. Anastomoses are found with the posterior choroidal arteries and ACA." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cervical", "name": "ICA cervical left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid cervical left", "Shapiro cervical" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014", "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro cervical region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering. Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous stations corrected to the user\u2019s annotated diagram; continuous ICA course retained.", "color": "#69b8cb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA cervical left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 85.13755488451275, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" }, "description": "This begins at the bifurcation of the [CCA](#structure-artery.anterior.common_carotid_left) and ends as the artery enters the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.left).\n\nCourse: the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) is contained within the carotid sheath, anteromedial to the IJV. The [ECA](#structure-artery.carotid.external.right.left) is also usually anteromedial initially, before it veers laterally. The vagus nerve and the cranial root of the accessory nerve are located posteriorly." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.petrous", "name": "ICA petrous left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left", "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left", "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid petrous left", "Shapiro petrous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014", "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro petrous region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering. Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous stations corrected to the user\u2019s annotated diagram; continuous ICA course retained.", "color": "#91b77c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA petrous left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 85.13755488451275, "endArcMm": 103.19569552340396, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" }, "description": "From the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.left) to the petrolingual ligament (approximately the anterior aspect of the petrous ridge).\n\nCourse: the segment starts vertically in the [carotid canal](#structure-landmark.carotid-canal.left) before turning anteromedially and running over the cartilage covering the [foramen lacerum](#structure-landmark.foramen-lacerum.left). It is accompanied by sympathetic fibres from the stellate ganglion and a venous plexus." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.cavernous", "name": "ICA cavernous left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_left", "artery.anterior.inferolateral_trunk_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid cavernous left", "Shapiro cavernous" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014", "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro cavernous region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering. Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous stations corrected to the user\u2019s annotated diagram; continuous ICA course retained.", "color": "#d2c753", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA cavernous left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 103.19569552340396, "endArcMm": 145.29663508396226, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" }, "description": "From the petrolingual ligament to the proximal dural ring.\n\nCourse: the vessel runs superiorly along the [posterior clinoid process](#structure-landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.left) to the [anterior clinoid process](#structure-landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.left) before passing through the dural ring. Within the cavernous sinus it lies superomedially to the abducens nerve, and medial to CN III, CN IV, and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of CN V and the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.paraophthalmic", "name": "ICA paraophthalmic left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid paraophthalmic left", "Shapiro paraophthalmic" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro paraophthalmic region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#e5b35c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA paraophthalmic left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 145.29663508396226, "endArcMm": 149.70591718884793, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From the estimated distal border of the cavernous segment, just proximal to the [ophthalmic artery](#structure-artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left) ostium, to the ostium of the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left).\n\nThis segment incorporates the proximal and distal dural rings (the clinoid [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) segment); however, the dural anatomy in the anterior clinoid region is complex, variable, and impossible to reliably define on imaging, making it difficult to differentiate intradural and extradural aneurysms in this region." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.posterior-communicating", "name": "ICA posterior communicating left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid posterior communicating left", "Shapiro posterior communicating" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro posterior communicating region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#e88968", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA posterior communicating left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 149.70591718884793, "endArcMm": 153.70499085025997, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From the [PCOM](#structure-artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left) ostium to the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) ostium." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.anterior-choroidal", "name": "ICA anterior choroidal left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid anterior choroidal left", "Shapiro anterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro anterior choroidal region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#d77886", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA anterior choroidal left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 153.70499085025997, "endArcMm": 154.85499085025995, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) ostium and immediately adjacent." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.terminus", "name": "ICA terminus left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.mca_m1_left", "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_1.left", "artery.amendment.terminal_ica_perforator_2.left", "artery.anterior.aca_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Internal carotid terminus left", "Shapiro terminus" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026", "ica-shapiro-2014" ] }, "notes": "NYU/Shapiro terminus region; not interchangeable with Bouthillier numbering.", "color": "#b969ac", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ICA terminus left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 154.85499085025995, "endArcMm": 157.81580124207304, "status": "reference-model station; soft-tissue boundaries estimated" }, "description": "From just distal to the [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) to the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left) bifurcation.\n\nThis segment contains a variable number of perforating arteries to the anterior perforating substance, which contribute to the collateral reconstitution in Moyamoya disease. Anastomoses are found with the posterior choroidal arteries and ACA." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right.landmark.plexal_entry_estimate", "name": "Plexal entry estimate right", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Plexal entry estimate", "Anterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 24.615001089998156, -66.70133400719753, 79.47671953070216 ], "course": [], "connects": "Anterior choroidal", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "The [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right) enters the choroidal fissure and terminates in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. The artery often exhibits a sharp curve followed by a posterior turn at the plexal point." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_right.landmark.telovelotonsillar_loop_estimate", "name": "Telovelotonsillar loop estimate right", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Telovelotonsillar loop estimate", "PICA" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 9.047469126386837, -110.16730256687146, 44.613240989436584 ], "course": [], "connects": "PICA", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "Conventionally, the apex of the cranial loop serves as the angiographic marker for the telovelotonsillar segment, which typically represents the distal limit for perforators originating from the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_right)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right.landmark.third_ventricular_entry_estimate", "name": "Third ventricular entry estimate right", "parent": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Third ventricular entry estimate", "Medial posterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 3.9875831450903023, -74.8797063016314, 100.9314039856272 ], "course": [], "connects": "Medial posterior choroidal", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "The [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_right) enters the roof of the third ventricle within the velum interpositum, the small membrane just above and anterior to the pineal gland, to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right.landmark.lateral_ventricular_entry_estimate", "name": "Lateral ventricular entry estimate right", "parent": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral ventricular entry estimate", "Lateral posterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ 26.662422358266745, -98.52681923155764, 96.23335183364756 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lateral posterior choroidal", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "The [lateral posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_right) enters the choroidal fissure and lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left.landmark.plexal_entry_estimate", "name": "Plexal entry estimate left", "parent": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Plexal entry estimate", "Anterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ica-skull-base-2026" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -24.626209023071784, -66.70405434977923, 79.49590085286302 ], "course": [], "connects": "Anterior choroidal", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "The [anterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_left) enters the choroidal fissure and terminates in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. The artery often exhibits a sharp curve followed by a posterior turn at the plexal point." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.pica_left.landmark.telovelotonsillar_loop_estimate", "name": "Telovelotonsillar loop estimate left", "parent": "artery.posterior.pica_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Telovelotonsillar loop estimate", "PICA" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -8.203065429479363, -108.53517560985975, 46.08178711113108 ], "course": [], "connects": "PICA", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "Conventionally, the apex of the cranial loop serves as the angiographic marker for the telovelotonsillar segment, which typically represents the distal limit for perforators originating from the [PICA](#structure-artery.posterior.pica_left)." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left.landmark.third_ventricular_entry_estimate", "name": "Third ventricular entry estimate left", "parent": "artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Third ventricular entry estimate", "Medial posterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -3.980580760726342, -74.01651546968337, 100.9115108889373 ], "course": [], "connects": "Medial posterior choroidal", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "The [medial posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.medial_posterior_choroidal_left) enters the roof of the third ventricle within the velum interpositum, the small membrane just above and anterior to the pineal gland, to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left.landmark.lateral_ventricular_entry_estimate", "name": "Lateral ventricular entry estimate left", "parent": "artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "Lateral ventricular entry estimate", "Lateral posterior choroidal" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011" ] }, "landmark": { "status": "regional", "point": [ -26.500660674474215, -98.28089864026894, 96.53125246472986 ], "course": [], "connects": "Lateral posterior choroidal", "contents": "Arterial regional estimate, tissue registration pending" }, "notes": "Not a tissue-derived entry point or lumen boundary.", "description": "The [lateral posterior choroidal artery](#structure-artery.posterior.lateral_posterior_choroidal_left) enters the choroidal fissure and lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_right", "name": "ACA right", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.terminus", "children": [ "artery.anterior.aca_a1_right", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "Anterior cerebral artery right", "ACA A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "notes": "Whole ACA, including the pre-communicating and distal pericallosal sections.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "startPointMm": [ 2.3, -26.0, 84.0 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "endArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "startPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "endArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "startPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "endPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "startPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.0, -97.99999999999999, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The ACA is the medial terminal division of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right), originating lateral to the optic chiasm and beneath the anterior perforated substance.\n\nACA territory includes the medial frontal and parietal lobes, extending variably over the convexity, in equilibrium with MCA branches." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a2", "name": "ACA A2 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.recurrent_artery_of_heubner_right", "artery.anterior.aca_orbitofrontal_right", "artery.anterior.aca_frontopolar_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A2 post-communicating right", "ACA post-communicating segment right", "Anterior cerebral artery A2 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "ACOM to rostrum/genu junction. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#69b8cb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "startPointMm": [ 2.3, -26.0, 84.0 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "endArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "startPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "endArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "startPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "endPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "startPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.0, -97.99999999999999, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A2 segment arises distal to the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating) and extends to the junction of the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A2 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.16697215184444, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a3", "name": "ACA A3 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A3 precallosal right", "ACA precallosal segment right", "Anterior cerebral artery A3 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Around the genu. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#91b77c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "startPointMm": [ 2.3, -26.0, 84.0 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "endArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "startPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "endArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "startPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "endPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "startPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.0, -97.99999999999999, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A3 segment extends around the genu of the corpus callosum.\n\nSegments inclusive of and distal to the A3 are generally called the pericallosal artery, although sometimes the A2 segment is also referred to as such.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A3 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 32.16697215184444, "endArcMm": 52.27132974674722, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a4", "name": "ACA A4 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.paracentral_right", "artery.amendment.short_callosal_branch.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A4 supracallosal right", "ACA supracallosal segment right", "Anterior cerebral artery A4 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Body to estimated coronal-suture level. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#e5b35c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "startPointMm": [ 2.3, -26.0, 84.0 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "endArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "startPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "endArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "startPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "endPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "startPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.0, -97.99999999999999, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A4 segment originates at the body of the corpus callosum. The [A5 segment](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5) is the continuation of the vessel posterior to the coronal suture.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A4 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 52.27132974674722, "endArcMm": 93.82033544287961, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a5", "name": "ACA A5 right", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "children": [ "artery.anterior.precuneal_right", "artery.anterior.inferior_internal_parietal_right", "artery.amendment.long_callosal_branch.right", "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.right", "artery.connection.pericallosal_splenial.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A5 postcallosal right", "ACA postcallosal segment right", "Anterior cerebral artery A5 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Posterior to estimated coronal-suture level. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#b969ac", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "startPointMm": [ 2.3, -26.0, 84.0 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.06436619192113, "endArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "startPointMm": [ 3.000540406809447, -10.160570528689037, 110.95902406260562 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.264917047909364, "endArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "startPointMm": [ 3.000201290763965, -25.37882834869856, 121.91727339210307 ], "endPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 93.94859298468008, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "startPointMm": [ 2.999997093865642, -66.75790696961849, 122.73191871003475 ], "endPointMm": [ 3.0, -97.99999999999999, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A5 segment is the continuation of the vessel posterior to the coronal suture. The [A4 segment](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right.segment.a4) originates at the body of the corpus callosum.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A5 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 93.82033544287961, "endArcMm": 134.02905063268517, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v1", "name": "Vertebral V1 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V1 preforaminal right", "Vertebral preforaminal segment right", "Vertebral artery V1 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Truncated proximal course to estimated C6 entry. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#69b8cb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment extends until the artery enters the [foramen in the transverse process](#structure-landmark.transverse-foramina.right), typically at the C6 level (C4 if the vertebral artery arises from the aortic arch).", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V1 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 30.306241489829038, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v2", "name": "Vertebral V2 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_right", "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right", "artery.amendment.va_anterior_meningeal.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V2 foraminal right", "Vertebral foraminal segment right", "Vertebral artery V2 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "Ascending foraminal limb to the revised lower V3 start mark. Existing course retained; cervical bone and dural registration unavailable.", "color": "#91b77c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The artery continues vertically upwards to the C2 [transverse foramina](#structure-landmark.transverse-foramina.right), surrounded by the vertebral venous plexus.", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V2 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 30.306241489829038, "endArcMm": 121.82509082887873, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v3", "name": "Vertebral V3 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.posterior_spinal_right", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_right", "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V3 extracranial right", "Vertebral extracranial segment right", "Vertebral artery V3 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "Upper cervical and atlas loop from the revised V3 start to the revised V4 start. Existing course retained; cervical bone and dural registration unavailable.", "color": "#e5b35c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Starts at the foramen transversarium of the axis (C2). The artery turns laterally and ascends, passing through the transverse foramen of the atlas (C1). It then curves medially and is directed towards the [foramen magnum](#structure-landmark.foramen-magnum.midline). It imprints a [groove on the posterior arch of the atlas](#structure-landmark.atlas-groove.right), which may rarely form a bony ring called the [arcuate foramen](#structure-landmark.arcuate-foramen.right) (a possible risk factor for paediatric ischaemic stroke).", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V3 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 121.82509082887873, "endArcMm": 165.03395473865945, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right.segment.v4", "name": "Vertebral V4 right", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "children": [ "artery.posterior.basilar", "artery.posterior.pica_right", "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal_root_right", "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_1.right", "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_2.right" ], "system": "artery", "side": "right", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V4 intracranial right", "Vertebral intracranial segment right", "Vertebral artery V4 right" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "Ascending cranial limb after the revised V4 start mark, continuing to the basilar junction. Existing course retained; cervical bone and dural registration unavailable.", "color": "#b969ac", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment pierces the atlanto-occipital membrane to become intradural (where it is focally smoothly narrowed), entering the cranial cavity via the [foramen magnum](#structure-landmark.foramen-magnum.midline). It continues medially until it joins its counterpart to form the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) at the upper edge of the medulla oblongata.", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_right", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V4 right" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 165.03395473865945, "endArcMm": 194.13995787773393, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_left", "name": "ACA left", "parent": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left.segment.terminus", "children": [ "artery.anterior.aca_a1_left", "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "group", "aliases": [ "Anterior cerebral artery left", "ACA A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002" ] }, "notes": "Whole ACA, including the pre-communicating and distal pericallosal sections.", "color": "#d980bf", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "startPointMm": [ -2.3, -25.885714285714286, 83.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "endArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "startPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "endArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "startPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "endPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "startPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0000000000000004, -97.37142857142855, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The ACA is the medial terminal division of the [ICA](#structure-artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left), originating lateral to the optic chiasm and beneath the anterior perforated substance.\n\nACA territory includes the medial frontal and parietal lobes, extending variably over the convexity, in equilibrium with MCA branches." }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a2", "name": "ACA A2 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.recurrent_artery_of_heubner_left", "artery.anterior.aca_orbitofrontal_left", "artery.anterior.aca_frontopolar_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A2 post-communicating left", "ACA post-communicating segment left", "Anterior cerebral artery A2 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "ACOM to rostrum/genu junction. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#69b8cb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "startPointMm": [ -2.3, -25.885714285714286, 83.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "endArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "startPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "endArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "startPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "endPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "startPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0000000000000004, -97.37142857142855, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A2 segment arises distal to the [ACOM](#structure-artery.anterior.anterior_communicating) and extends to the junction of the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A2 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.299545652054675, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a3", "name": "ACA A3 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.callosomarginal_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A3 precallosal left", "ACA precallosal segment left", "Anterior cerebral artery A3 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Around the genu. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#91b77c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "startPointMm": [ -2.3, -25.885714285714286, 83.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "endArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "startPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "endArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "startPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "endPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "startPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0000000000000004, -97.37142857142855, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A3 segment extends around the genu of the corpus callosum.\n\nSegments inclusive of and distal to the A3 are generally called the pericallosal artery, although sometimes the A2 segment is also referred to as such.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A3 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 32.299545652054675, "endArcMm": 52.486761684588856, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a4", "name": "ACA A4 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.paracentral_left", "artery.amendment.short_callosal_branch.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A4 supracallosal left", "ACA supracallosal segment left", "Anterior cerebral artery A4 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Body to estimated coronal-suture level. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#e5b35c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "startPointMm": [ -2.3, -25.885714285714286, 83.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "endArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "startPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "endArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "startPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "endPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "startPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0000000000000004, -97.37142857142855, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A4 segment originates at the body of the corpus callosum. The [A5 segment](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5) is the continuation of the vessel posterior to the coronal suture.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A4 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 52.486761684588856, "endArcMm": 94.20700815182614, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a5", "name": "ACA A5 left", "parent": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "children": [ "artery.anterior.precuneal_left", "artery.anterior.inferior_internal_parietal_left", "artery.amendment.long_callosal_branch.left", "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.left", "artery.connection.pericallosal_splenial.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "A5 postcallosal left", "ACA postcallosal segment left", "Anterior cerebral artery A5 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.anterior", "ref.ferreira2002", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Posterior to estimated coronal-suture level. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#b969ac", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "arterialSegments": [ { "name": "A2", "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "startPointMm": [ -2.3, -25.885714285714286, 83.99999999999999 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "boundaryDefinition": "ACom to genu region", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A3", "startArcMm": 32.36363205502999, "endArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "startPointMm": [ -3.0004683050863057, -9.271473219244573, 110.88350137949983 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Around genu", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A4", "startArcMm": 52.5508482762287, "endArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "startPointMm": [ -3.0001985276034433, -24.288177759546397, 121.9434494973787 ], "endPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Supracallosal body", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" }, { "name": "A5", "startArcMm": 94.2070082394776, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "startPointMm": [ -2.9999969707090606, -65.64033135456039, 122.71559937625274 ], "endPointMm": [ -3.0000000000000004, -97.37142857142855, 102.0 ], "boundaryDefinition": "Posterior pericallosal territory", "status": "provisional reference range; tissue registration pending" } ], "description": "The A5 segment is the continuation of the vessel posterior to the coronal suture. The [A4 segment](#structure-artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left.segment.a4) originates at the body of the corpus callosum.", "segmentOf": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "ACA A5 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 94.20700815182614, "endArcMm": 134.5814402168945, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v1", "name": "Vertebral V1 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "children": [], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V1 preforaminal left", "Vertebral preforaminal segment left", "Vertebral artery V1 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes" ] }, "notes": "Truncated proximal course to estimated C6 entry. Boundary is a reference estimate; existing vessel surface retained.", "color": "#69b8cb", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment extends until the artery enters the [foramen in the transverse process](#structure-landmark.transverse-foramina.left), typically at the C6 level (C4 if the vertebral artery arises from the aortic arch).", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V1 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 0.0, "endArcMm": 30.33893058487912, "status": "reference-model station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v2", "name": "Vertebral V2 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_left", "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_left", "artery.amendment.va_anterior_meningeal.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V2 foraminal left", "Vertebral foraminal segment left", "Vertebral artery V2 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "Ascending foraminal limb to the revised lower V3 start mark. Existing course retained; cervical bone and dural registration unavailable.", "color": "#91b77c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "The artery continues vertically upwards to the C2 [transverse foramina](#structure-landmark.transverse-foramina.left), surrounded by the vertebral venous plexus.", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V2 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 30.33893058487912, "endArcMm": 121.95649448690072, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v3", "name": "Vertebral V3 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.posterior_spinal_left", "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_left", "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V3 extracranial left", "Vertebral extracranial segment left", "Vertebral artery V3 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "Upper cervical and atlas loop from the revised V3 start to the revised V4 start. Existing course retained; cervical bone and dural registration unavailable.", "color": "#e5b35c", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "Starts at the foramen transversarium of the axis (C2). The artery turns laterally and ascends, passing through the transverse foramen of the atlas (C1). It then curves medially and is directed towards the [foramen magnum](#structure-landmark.foramen-magnum.midline). It imprints a [groove on the posterior arch of the atlas](#structure-landmark.atlas-groove.left), which may rarely form a bony ring called the [arcuate foramen](#structure-landmark.arcuate-foramen.left) (a possible risk factor for paediatric ischaemic stroke).", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V3 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 121.95649448690072, "endArcMm": 165.2119645096426, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" } }, { "id": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left.segment.v4", "name": "Vertebral V4 left", "parent": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "children": [ "artery.posterior.pica_left", "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal_root_left", "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_1.left", "artery.amendment.va_medullary_perforator_2.left" ], "system": "artery", "side": "left", "kind": "structure", "aliases": [ "V4 intracranial left", "Vertebral intracranial segment left", "Vertebral artery V4 left" ], "geometryStatus": "web-optimised", "provenance": { "sourceType": "teaching-reconstruction", "confidence": "Reference-guided; tissue depth and calibre estimated", "reviewStatus": "unreviewed", "sourceRefs": [ "ref.borden.posterior", "ref.lucifero2021", "ref.parraga2011", "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "user.va-asa-2026-10-03" ] }, "notes": "Ascending cranial limb after the revised V4 start mark, continuing to the basilar junction. Existing course retained; cervical bone and dural registration unavailable.", "color": "#b969ac", "calibreProvenance": { "units": "mm", "measurement": "illustrative radius profile", "displayEnhancement": "Small branches may be enlarged for visibility; no quantitative haemodynamic interpretation." }, "referenceConfiguration": "Bilateral template with separate local fitting; not independent bilateral patient segmentations.", "description": "This segment pierces the atlanto-occipital membrane to become intradural (where it is focally smoothly narrowed), entering the cranial cavity via the [foramen magnum](#structure-landmark.foramen-magnum.midline). It continues medially until it joins its counterpart to form the [basilar artery](#structure-artery.posterior.basilar) at the upper edge of the medulla oblongata.", "segmentOf": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "asset": { "file": "models/complete-circulation.glb", "node": "Vertebral V4 left" }, "segmentRange": { "startArcMm": 165.2119645096426, "endArcMm": 194.64974692989082, "status": "diagram-guided reference station; anatomical boundary estimated" } } ], "relationships": [ { "from": "artery.anterior.anterior_communicating", "to": "artery.anterior.aca_a1_left", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Represented anterior communicating connection." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Exact geometry junction; anatomical direction is not implied by the display hierarchy." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Exact geometry junction; anatomical direction is not implied by the display hierarchy." }, { "from": "artery.posterior.vertebral_left", "to": "artery.posterior.basilar", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Exact geometry junction; anatomical direction is not implied by the display hierarchy." }, { "from": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_right", "to": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Exact geometry junction; anatomical direction is not implied by the display hierarchy." }, { "from": "artery.posterior.pca_p1_left", "to": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_left", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Exact geometry junction; anatomical direction is not implied by the display hierarchy." }, { "from": "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal_root_left", "to": "artery.posterior.anterior_spinal", "type": "communicates_with", "note": "Exact geometry junction; anatomical direction is not implied by the display hierarchy." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "to": "landmark.optic-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Expected optic canal region, medial to the superior orbital fissure. No continuous lumen was reliably identified in the source mesh; position and course remain estimated." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "to": "landmark.optic-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Expected optic canal region, medial to the superior orbital fissure. No continuous lumen was reliably identified in the source mesh; position and course remain estimated." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "to": "landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "to": "landmark.superior-orbital-fissure.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "to": "landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "to": "landmark.inferior-orbital-fissure.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "to": "landmark.infraorbital-groove.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right", "to": "landmark.infraorbital-groove.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "to": "landmark.infraorbital-groove.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "to": "landmark.infraorbital-groove.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "to": "landmark.infraorbital-foramen.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "to": "landmark.infraorbital-foramen.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right", "to": "landmark.anterior-ethmoidal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left", "to": "landmark.anterior-ethmoidal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right", "to": "landmark.posterior-ethmoidal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left", "to": "landmark.posterior-ethmoidal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.supraorbital_right", "to": "landmark.supraorbital.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.supraorbital_left", "to": "landmark.supraorbital.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_right", "to": "landmark.supratrochlear.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_left", "to": "landmark.supratrochlear.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "to": "landmark.cranio-orbital.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "to": "landmark.cranio-orbital.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "to": "landmark.accessory-optic.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_left", "to": "landmark.accessory-optic.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right", "to": "landmark.rotundum.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left", "to": "landmark.rotundum.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right", "to": "landmark.ovale.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.accessory_meningeal.right.left", "to": "landmark.ovale.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right", "to": "landmark.foramen-spinosum.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.right.left", "to": "landmark.foramen-spinosum.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.foramen-lacerum.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "to": "landmark.foramen-lacerum.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.foramen-lacerum.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "to": "landmark.foramen-lacerum.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "to": "landmark.greater-petrosal-hiatus.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "to": "landmark.greater-petrosal-hiatus.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.carotid-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.carotid-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right", "to": "landmark.caroticotympanic.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left", "to": "landmark.caroticotympanic.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_right", "to": "landmark.internal-acoustic.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.posterior.labyrinthine_left", "to": "landmark.internal-acoustic.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "to": "landmark.facial-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "to": "landmark.facial-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "to": "landmark.facial-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "to": "landmark.facial-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "to": "landmark.stylomastoid.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "to": "landmark.stylomastoid.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right", "to": "landmark.external-acoustic.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.deep_auricular.right.left", "to": "landmark.external-acoustic.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right", "to": "landmark.petrotympanic.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left", "to": "landmark.petrotympanic.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "to": "landmark.tympanic-canaliculus.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "to": "landmark.tympanic-canaliculus.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "to": "landmark.hypoglossal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "to": "landmark.hypoglossal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right", "to": "landmark.mastoid-foramen.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_mastoid.right.left", "to": "landmark.mastoid-foramen.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.right", "to": "landmark.pterygomaxillary.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right", "to": "landmark.pterygomaxillary.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.right.left", "to": "landmark.pterygomaxillary.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "to": "landmark.pterygomaxillary.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Opening identifiable on the source mesh. Coordinates are manual regional anchors, not a segmented lumen." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right", "to": "landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.sphenopalatine.right.left", "to": "landmark.sphenopalatine-foramen.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "to": "landmark.pterygoid-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right", "to": "landmark.pterygoid-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "to": "landmark.pterygoid-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left", "to": "landmark.pterygoid-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right", "to": "landmark.palatovaginal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left", "to": "landmark.palatovaginal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right", "to": "landmark.greater-palatine-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.descending_palatine.right.left", "to": "landmark.greater-palatine-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "to": "landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left", "to": "landmark.greater-palatine-foramen.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right", "to": "landmark.lesser-palatine.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.lesser_palatine.right.left", "to": "landmark.lesser-palatine.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.incisive.right.left", "to": "landmark.incisive-canal.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left", "to": "landmark.incisive-canal.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Surface opening/depression or part of the corridor is identifiable; the complete lumen is not resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right", "to": "landmark.superior-alveolar.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.posterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "to": "landmark.superior-alveolar.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right", "to": "landmark.canalis-sinuosus.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.anterior_superior_alveolar.right.left", "to": "landmark.canalis-sinuosus.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "to": "landmark.mandibular-foramen.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "to": "landmark.mandibular-foramen.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right", "to": "landmark.mandibular-canal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.inferior_alveolar.right.left", "to": "landmark.mandibular-canal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mental.right", "to": "landmark.mental-foramen.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mental.right.left", "to": "landmark.mental-foramen.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anatomical region estimated from adjacent bone. The named opening is not individually resolved." }, { "from": "artery.eca.incisive.right", "to": "landmark.mandibular-incisive.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.incisive.right.left", "to": "landmark.mandibular-incisive.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "No reliable coordinate assigned in this mesh review." }, { "from": "artery.eca.sublingual.right.left", "to": "landmark.lingual-foramina.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.eca.submental.right.left", "to": "landmark.lingual-foramina.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Variable structure. Presence has not been established; no default route is imposed." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-entry.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "C1/C2 transition. Entry region anterior and lateral to the jugular fossa and medial to the styloid base. The visible depression is partly capped in the coarse source bone. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-ascending.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Initial ascending part of C2, before its anteromedial bend. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-genu.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "C2 bend joining the ascending canal to the anteromedial horizontal canal. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-horizontal.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "C2 courses anteromedially within the petrous temporal bone towards its apex. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-exit.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Petrous-apex exit region. The small source-mesh opening and the complete illustrative artery calibre do not establish a patent canal fit. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.petrous-apex.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anteromedial end of the petrous temporal bone, beside the lacerum region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.jugular-fossa.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Depression posterior and medial to the carotid entry region. This is an exclusion landmark for the cervical ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.styloid-base.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Bony reference lateral and posterior to the carotid entry region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.lingula.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated sphenoid attachment region of the petrolingual ligament. The small process is not separately resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.petrolingual.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated C3/C4 boundary at the superior edge of the petrolingual ligament. The ligament is not present in the bone mesh. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-sulcus.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Bony groove lateral to the sellar body. The cavernous ICA follows the adjacent parasellar space. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Lateral end of the dorsum sellae, medial to the posterior cavernous ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Clinoid process over the anterior cavernous bend. C5 ascends medial to this process. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.optic-strut.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated inferior root of the anterior clinoid, between optic canal and superior orbital fissure. A separate strut boundary is not reliably resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.dural-rings.right", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated clinoid C5 region between the dural rings. Dura is not segmented; the clinoid bone provides a regional guide. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-entry.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "C1/C2 transition. Entry region anterior and lateral to the jugular fossa and medial to the styloid base. The visible depression is partly capped in the coarse source bone. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-ascending.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Initial ascending part of C2, before its anteromedial bend. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-genu.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "C2 bend joining the ascending canal to the anteromedial horizontal canal. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-horizontal.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "C2 courses anteromedially within the petrous temporal bone towards its apex. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-exit.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Petrous-apex exit region. The small source-mesh opening and the complete illustrative artery calibre do not establish a patent canal fit. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.petrous-apex.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Anteromedial end of the petrous temporal bone, beside the lacerum region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.jugular-fossa.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Depression posterior and medial to the carotid entry region. This is an exclusion landmark for the cervical ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.styloid-base.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Bony reference lateral and posterior to the carotid entry region. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.lingula.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated sphenoid attachment region of the petrolingual ligament. The small process is not separately resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.petrolingual.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated C3/C4 boundary at the superior edge of the petrolingual ligament. The ligament is not present in the bone mesh. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.carotid-sulcus.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Bony groove lateral to the sellar body. The cavernous ICA follows the adjacent parasellar space. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.posterior-clinoid.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Lateral end of the dorsum sellae, medial to the posterior cavernous ICA. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.anterior-clinoid.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Clinoid process over the anterior cavernous bend. C5 ascends medial to this process. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.optic-strut.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated inferior root of the anterior clinoid, between optic canal and superior orbital fissure. A separate strut boundary is not reliably resolved. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.dural-rings.left", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Estimated clinoid C5 region between the dural rings. Dura is not segmented; the clinoid bone provides a regional guide. Manually reconstructed anatomical region. A complete canal lumen or soft-tissue boundary is not resolved in this mesh." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.sella.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Floor of the hypophyseal fossa. The cavernous carotids lie to either side. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.sella.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Floor of the hypophyseal fossa. The cavernous carotids lie to either side. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.dorsum-sellae.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Posterior boundary of the hypophyseal fossa, between the posterior clinoids. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.dorsum-sellae.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Posterior boundary of the hypophyseal fossa, between the posterior clinoids. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right", "to": "landmark.ica.clivus.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Midline sloping skull-base surface posterior to the sella; the posterior cavernous carotids lie laterally. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_left", "to": "landmark.ica.clivus.midline", "type": "associated_passage", "note": "Midline sloping skull-base surface posterior to the sella; the posterior cavernous carotids lie laterally. Marker is on the reviewed bone surface; it is a regional anatomical anchor, not a segmented structure boundary." }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "to": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA\u2013lacrimal (meningolacrimal) right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right", "to": "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA\u2013ophthalmic (recurrent meningeal) right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.angular.right", "to": "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Angular\u2013dorsal nasal right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right", "to": "artery.anterior.supraorbital_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013supraorbital right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Infraorbital\u2013ophthalmic right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Foramen rotundum\u2013ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.right", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Accessory meningeal\u2013ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.right", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA cavernous\u2013ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "to": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Vidian ECA\u2013ICA right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "to": "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Inferior tympanic\u2013caroticotympanic right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Deep temporal\u2013lacrimal right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right", "to": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Septal\u2013anterior ethmoidal right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "to": "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA\u2013tentorial marginal right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "to": "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APhA clival\u2013MHT right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.right", "to": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital\u2013vertebral C1 right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right", "to": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital descending\u2013vertebral C2 right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "to": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APhA odontoid\u2013vertebral right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA\u2013lacrimal (meningolacrimal) left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.mma_orbital.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA\u2013ophthalmic (recurrent meningeal) left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.angular.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.dorsal_nasal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Angular\u2013dorsal nasal left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.frontal.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.supraorbital_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013supraorbital left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.ophthalmic_inferior_muscular_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Infraorbital\u2013ophthalmic left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.foramen_rotundum.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_anterolateral_ramus.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Foramen rotundum\u2013ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_posterior_intracranial.left", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_posteromedial_ramus.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Accessory meningeal\u2013ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.mma_anterior_cavernous.left", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_superior_ramus.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA cavernous\u2013ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Vidian ECA\u2013ICA left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.caroticotympanic_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Inferior tympanic\u2013caroticotympanic left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.anterior_deep_temporal.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Deep temporal\u2013lacrimal left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.posterior_septal.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Septal\u2013anterior ethmoidal left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA\u2013tentorial marginal left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.medial_clival_mht_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APhA clival\u2013MHT left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.right.left", "to": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c1_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital\u2013vertebral C1 left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_descending.right.left", "to": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital descending\u2013vertebral C2 left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "to": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APhA odontoid\u2013vertebral left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.right", "to": "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic\u2013ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "to": "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "SOF artery\u2013anteromedial ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.right", "to": "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "SOF artery\u2013recurrent meningeal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right", "to": "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Posterior cavernous MMA\u2013posterolateral ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Inferior lacrimal\u2013infraorbital muscular right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "to": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Facial nerve arcade right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Superior\u2013anterior tympanic right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Superior\u2013inferior tympanic right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Stylomastoid\u2013inferior tympanic right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Subarcuate\u2013petrosal MMA right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "to": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Subarcuate\u2013stylomastoid right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Pharyngeal carotid\u2013recurrent lacerum right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.right", "to": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APA musculospinal\u2013VA right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APA prevertebral\u2013odontoid right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013accessory meningeal circle right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013mandibular ICA circle right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013pterygovaginal circle right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.right", "to": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Mandibular\u2013vidian circle right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013maxillary vidian circle right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Lateral clival APA\u2013MHT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Clival\u2013posterior cavernous MMA right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Lateral clival\u2013recurrent ILT right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA sigmoid right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013MMA petrosquamosal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA jugular right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013hypoglossal meningeal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.right", "to": "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Subarcuate\u2013APA auditory right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.right", "to": "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Anterior falcine\u2013MMA paramedian right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "ACA falcine\u2013MMA falcine right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.right", "to": "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Falx cerebelli\u2013VA posterior meningeal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Basal tentorial\u2013SCA dural right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right", "to": "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA tentorial\u2013PCA dural right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right", "to": "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APA tentorial\u2013SCA dural right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital tentorial\u2013PCA dural right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Anterior\u2013lateral posterior choroidal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Medial\u2013lateral posterior choroidal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.right", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Posterior choroidal\u2013splenial right" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_right", "to": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "ACA\u2013MCA frontal border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.paracentral_right", "to": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "ACA\u2013MCA parietal border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_right", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MCA\u2013PCA temporal border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_right", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MCA\u2013PCA occipital border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_right", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Pericallosal\u2013splenial right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.right", "to": "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "PCA\u2013SCA tectal network right" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_right", "to": "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "PICA\u2013AICA pial border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_right", "to": "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "AICA\u2013SCA pial border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_right", "to": "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "PICA\u2013SCA vermian border zone right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Superior palpebral arcade right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Inferior palpebral arcade right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Facial\u2013maxillary buccal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Facial\u2013maxillary masseteric right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.right", "to": "artery.eca.facial.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Transverse facial\u2013facial right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Transverse facial\u2013infraorbital right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.right", "to": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Zygomatico-orbital\u2013lacrimal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.right", "to": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Posterior septal\u2013posterior ethmoidal right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right", "to": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Septal\u2013palatine network right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "to": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Labial\u2013septal plexus right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.right", "to": "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013posterior auricular scalp right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "to": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital\u2013posterior auricular scalp right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "to": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013occipital scalp right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right", "to": "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013supratrochlear scalp right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right", "to": "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013MMA transosseous potential right" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital\u2013MMA transosseous potential right" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.deep_recurrent_ophthalmic.left", "to": "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Deep recurrent ophthalmic\u2013ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "to": "artery.anterior.ilt_anterior_branch_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "SOF artery\u2013anteromedial ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.artery_of_superior_orbital_fissure.left", "to": "artery.amendment.superficial_recurrent_meningeal.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "SOF artery\u2013recurrent meningeal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left", "to": "artery.anterior.ilt_posterior_branch_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Posterior cavernous MMA\u2013posterolateral ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.infraorbital_muscular_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lacrimal_inferior_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Inferior lacrimal\u2013infraorbital muscular left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "to": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Facial nerve arcade left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.anterior_tympanic.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Superior\u2013anterior tympanic left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_tympanic.left", "to": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Superior\u2013inferior tympanic left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "to": "artery.eca.apa.inferior_tympanic.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Stylomastoid\u2013inferior tympanic left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Subarcuate\u2013petrosal MMA left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "to": "artery.eca.occipital.stylomastoid.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Subarcuate\u2013stylomastoid left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_carotid_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Pharyngeal carotid\u2013recurrent lacerum left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.apa_musculospinal.left", "to": "artery.posterior.va_muscular_c2_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APA musculospinal\u2013VA left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.apa_prevertebral_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APA prevertebral\u2013odontoid left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.accessory_meningeal_anterior_tubal.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013accessory meningeal circle left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013mandibular ICA circle left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.pterygovaginal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013pterygovaginal circle left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.mandibular_ica_branch.left", "to": "artery.anterior.vidian_ica_contribution_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Mandibular\u2013vidian circle left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_pharyngeal_tubal_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.pterygoid_canal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Tubal\u2013maxillary vidian circle left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Lateral clival APA\u2013MHT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.mma_posterior_cavernous.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Clival\u2013posterior cavernous MMA left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.lateral_clival.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.ilt_recurrent_lacerum_ramus.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Lateral clival\u2013recurrent ILT left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.apa.sigmoid_sinus_branch.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA sigmoid left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013MMA petrosquamosal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.apa.jugular.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013APA jugular left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital mastoid\u2013hypoglossal meningeal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aica_subarcuate.left", "to": "artery.amendment.jugular_ascending_iac_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Subarcuate\u2013APA auditory left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.anterior_falcine.left", "to": "artery.amendment.mma_paramedian.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Anterior falcine\u2013MMA paramedian left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.aca_falcine_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.mma_falcine_terminal.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "ACA falcine\u2013MMA falcine left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.falx_cerebelli_artery.left", "to": "artery.posterior.posterior_meningeal_va_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Falx cerebelli\u2013VA posterior meningeal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.basal_tentorial_mht_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Basal tentorial\u2013SCA dural left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.petrosquamosal.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MMA tentorial\u2013PCA dural left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.posterior_meningeal.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.wollschlaeger_and_wollschlaeger_artery.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "APA tentorial\u2013SCA dural left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.occipital_mastoid_dural_branch.left", "to": "artery.amendment.davidoff_and_schechter_artery.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital tentorial\u2013PCA dural left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.anterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Anterior\u2013lateral posterior choroidal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Medial\u2013lateral posterior choroidal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_posterior_choroidal_plexal_representative.left", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Posterior choroidal\u2013splenial left" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.anterior_internal_frontal_left", "to": "artery.anterior.prefrontal_cortical_branch_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "ACA\u2013MCA frontal border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.paracentral_left", "to": "artery.anterior.anterior_parietal_cortical_branch_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "ACA\u2013MCA parietal border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.posterior_temporal_cortical_branch_left", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_posterior_inferior_temporal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MCA\u2013PCA temporal border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.angular_cortical_branch_left", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_parieto_occipital_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "MCA\u2013PCA occipital border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.aca_pericallosal_left", "to": "artery.posterior.pca_splenial_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Pericallosal\u2013splenial left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.pca_collicular.left", "to": "artery.amendment.sca_tectal_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "PCA\u2013SCA tectal network left" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.pica_hemispheric_left", "to": "artery.posterior.aica_caudal_branch_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "PICA\u2013AICA pial border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.aica_rostral_branch_left", "to": "artery.posterior.sca_caudal_hemispheric_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "AICA\u2013SCA pial border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.pica_vermian_left", "to": "artery.posterior.sca_vermian_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "PICA\u2013SCA vermian border zone left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_superior_palpebral.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_superior_palpebral.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Superior palpebral arcade left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.medial_inferior_palpebral.left", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_inferior_palpebral.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Inferior palpebral arcade left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.facial_buccal_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.buccal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Facial\u2013maxillary buccal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.facial_masseteric_branch.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.masseteric.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Facial\u2013maxillary masseteric left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_inferior_division.left", "to": "artery.eca.facial.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Transverse facial\u2013facial left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.transverse_facial_superior_division.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.infraorbital.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Transverse facial\u2013infraorbital left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.zygomatico_orbital.left", "to": "artery.anterior.lacrimal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Zygomatico-orbital\u2013lacrimal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.superior_septal_subdivision.left", "to": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Posterior septal\u2013posterior ethmoidal left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left", "to": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Septal\u2013palatine network left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left", "to": "artery.amendment.inferior_septal_subdivision.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Labial\u2013septal plexus left" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.sta_anterior_auricular.left", "to": "artery.amendment.posterior_auricular_auricular_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013posterior auricular scalp left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "to": "artery.eca.posterior_auricular.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital\u2013posterior auricular scalp left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "to": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013occipital scalp left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.sta_frontal_anterior_twig.right.left", "to": "artery.anterior.supratrochlear_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013supratrochlear scalp left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superficial_temporal.parietal.right.left", "to": "artery.eca.mma_parietal_ascending.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "STA\u2013MMA transosseous potential left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.occipital_lateral_scalp.right.left", "to": "artery.eca.maxillary.mma.posterior_convexity.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Occipital\u2013MMA transosseous potential left" }, { "from": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right", "to": "artery.eca.apa.descending_odontoid.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Odontoid transverse arcade midline" }, { "from": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_right", "to": "artery.posterior.va_odontoid_contribution_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Odontoid inferior transverse arcade midline" }, { "from": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right", "to": "artery.eca.medial_clival.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral medial clival midline" }, { "from": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.right", "to": "artery.amendment.lateral_clival_mht_branch.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral lateral clival midline" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right", "to": "artery.eca.superior_pharyngeal.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral pharyngeal midline" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right", "to": "artery.eca.superior_labial.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral superior labial midline" }, { "from": "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right", "to": "artery.eca.inferior_labial.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral inferior labial midline" }, { "from": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right", "to": "artery.eca.greater_palatine.right.left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral palatal midline" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_right", "to": "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_left", "type": "potential_anastomosis", "note": "Contralateral superior hypophyseal midline" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.common_carotid_right", "to": "artery.carotid.external.right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.carotid.external.right", "to": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "to": "artery.eca.superior_laryngeal.right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.eca.superior_thyroid.right", "to": "artery.eca.infrahyoid.right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.carotid.external.right", "to": "artery.eca.lingual.right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": 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"from": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "to": "artery.anterior.anterior_ethmoidal_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.ophthalmic_right", "to": "artery.anterior.posterior_ethmoidal_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.paraophthalmic", "to": "artery.anterior.superior_hypophyseal_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.posterior-communicating", "to": "artery.anterior.posterior_communicating_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.anterior-choroidal", "to": "artery.anterior.anterior_choroidal_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.internal_carotid_right.segment.cavernous", "to": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { "from": "artery.anterior.meningohypophyseal_trunk_right", "to": "artery.anterior.tentorial_marginal_right", "type": "branches_to" }, { 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Replaced progressively from v0.2." }, { "id": "ref.borden2006", "title": "Neil M. Borden, 3D Angiographic Atlas of Neurovascular Anatomy and Pathology", "year": 2006, "role": "Cross-check of ECA courses, branches and skull-base relationships", "redistribution": "reference only; book content is not embedded in the app" }, { "id": "ref.kiyosue2020", "title": "Hiro Kiyosue (ed.), External Carotid Artery: Imaging Anatomy Atlas for Endovascular Treatment", "year": 2020, "role": "Angiographic course and branching reference for the hand-authored right ECA reconstruction", "redistribution": "reference only; book content is not embedded in the app" }, { "id": "ref.alvernia2006", "title": "Alvernia, Fraser and Lanzino. The occipital artery: a microanatomical study (2006)", "role": "Cross-check of the occipital segmental course and descending branches", "notes": "DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000193519.00443.34; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16543868/" }, { "id": "ref.geibprasert2009", "title": "Geibprasert et al. Dangerous extracranial\u2013intracranial anastomoses, AJNR 2009", "role": "Orbital, petrous, cavernous, clival and tentorial pathway cross-check", "notes": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7051597/; DOI 10.3174/ajnr.A1500" }, { "id": "ref.ferreira2002", "title": "Ferreira et al. Microsurgical anatomy of the infraclinoid ICA, Barrow Quarterly 2002", "role": "Petrous, cavernous and clinoid bone relationships" }, { "id": "ref.borden.anterior", "title": "Borden. 3D Angiographic Atlas of Neurovascular Anatomy and Pathology (2006), anterior circulation", "role": "Chapter 5, printed pp89\u201393 and figures 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.11; curves and branch relationships", "notes": "User-supplied reference; pathological aneurysms and persistent trigeminal artery excluded." }, { "id": "ref.borden.posterior", "title": "Borden. 3D Angiographic Atlas of Neurovascular Anatomy and Pathology (2006), Chapter 6", "role": "Printed pp163\u2013167 and angiograms Figs6.1/6.2/6.4; posterior hierarchy, loops and taper", "notes": "User-supplied reference; selected normal anatomy, pathological variants not copied." }, { "id": "ref.lucifero2021", "title": "Giotta Lucifero et al. Microsurgical Neurovascular Anatomy of the Brain: The Posterior Circulation (Part II), 2021", "role": "Segment and branch relationship cross-check", "notes": "doi:10.23750/abm.v92iS4.12119; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34437362/" }, { "id": "ref.parraga2011", "title": "P\u00e1rraga et al. Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery in three-dimensional images, 2011", "role": "PCA segment and cisternal relationship cross-check", "notes": "doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2010.10.053; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21492726/" }, { "id": "ref.kiyosue.posterior", "title": "Kiyosue. External Carotid Artery: Imaging Anatomy Atlas for Endovascular Treatment (2020)", "role": "Cervical and skull-base potential communications; Fig3.17 odontoid/muscular VA routes", "notes": "User-supplied reference; normal potential routes separated from enlarged pathological examples." }, { "id": "foramina-mesh-review-2026", "title": "Skull openings review and corridor reconstruction, 3 October 2026", "year": 2026, "role": "Manual review of the registered atlas mesh with sectional and 3D views; visible / partial / regional / unresolved distinctions retained. Coordinate estimates remain unreviewed." }, { "id": "infraorbital-anatomy-2025", "title": "Anatomy of the infraorbital artery and its orbital branch", "role": "Anatomical course reference; no patient coordinates transferred.", "notes": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12043843/" }, { "id": "optic-microanatomy", "title": "Optic Canal: Microanatomic Study", "role": "Anatomical course reference; no patient coordinates transferred.", "notes": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1661800/" }, { "id": "ica-lacerum-anatomy", "title": "Internal carotid artery segments: anatomical study", "role": "Anatomical course reference; no patient coordinates transferred.", "notes": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15849455/" }, { "id": "mma-inner-table", "title": "Morphometric organisation of the middle meningeal artery", "role": "Anatomical course reference; no patient coordinates transferred.", "notes": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3699209/" }, { "id": "ica-skull-base-2026", "title": "ICA skull-base reconstruction and bone-landmark review, v0.7.2", "year": 2026, "role": "Side-specific review of source bone morphology and anatomical descriptions. Reference screenshots guide relationships only; coordinates are not transferred from them." }, { "id": "ica-bouthillier-1996", "title": "Bouthillier et al. Segments of the internal carotid artery: a new classification", "notes": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8837792/", "role": "C1-C7 anatomical terminology" }, { "id": "ica-osawa-2008", "title": "Osawa et al. Microsurgical anatomy and surgical exposure of the petrous segment of the internal carotid artery", "notes": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981828/", "role": "Petrous carotid and adjacent bone relationships" }, { "id": "ica-ferreira-2002", "title": "Ferreira et al. Microsurgical Anatomy of the Anterior Cerebral Circulation, Part 1", "notes": "https://www.barrowneuro.org/for-physicians-researchers/education/grand-rounds-publications-media/barrow-quarterly/volume-18-no-2-2002/microsurgical-anatomy-of-the-anterior-cerebral-circulation-part-1-the-infraclinoid-internal-carotid-artery/", "role": "Cavernous, sellar and clinoid relationships" }, { "id": "ica-shapiro-2014", "title": "Shapiro et al. Endovascular ICA classification", "year": 2014, "role": "Seven selectable ICA regions", "notes": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7965739/" }, { "id": "ref.lynch.neurovascular-notes", "title": "Jeremy Lynch: Neurovascular anatomy, supplied nv(2).pdf", "role": "Authoritative structure description text and terminology", "notes": "Reviewed mapping and source pages are in docs/STRUCTURE_DESCRIPTIONS.md." }, { "id": "user.va-segments-2026-10-03", "title": "Jeremy Lynch: annotated vertebral section correction, 3 October 2026", "year": 2026, "role": "V2/V3 and V3/V4 boundary placement", "notes": "Supplied image(20261003-204543).png. Diagram-guided reference stations, not registered cervical bones or dura." }, { "id": "user.ica-segments-2026-10-03", "title": "Jeremy Lynch: annotated ICA section correction, 3 October 2026", "year": 2026, "role": "Cervical/petrous and petrous/cavernous boundary placement", "notes": "Supplied image(20261003-205229).png. Diagram-guided stations on the retained ICA; not measured bone or ligament boundaries." }, { "id": "user.facial-courses-2026-10-03", "title": "Jeremy Lynch: labial and submental course correction, 3 October 2026", "year": 2026, "role": "Inferior and superior labial levels and submental relationship to the mandible", "notes": "Supplied image(20261003-224612).png and image(20261003-224632).png; mandible interpretation follows the reference diagram and note-derived descriptions. Lip soft tissues are not registered." }, { "id": "user.va-asa-2026-10-03", "title": "Jeremy Lynch: revised V3/V4 starts and ASA origins, 3 October 2026", "year": 2026, "role": "V3 and V4 starting levels and ASA-root origins", "notes": "Supplied image(20261003-233148).png. Diagram-guided reference stations, not registered cervical bones or dura." } ], "roots": [ "bone", "artery" ], "warning": "Reference reconstruction; unresolved canal lumina and estimated routes are identified in the landmark register.", "assetByteSizes": { "models/craniofacial.glb": 5014620, "models/complete-circulation.glb": 70725440, "models/complete-anastomoses.glb": 2972528 } }